tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-53039362932943279522024-02-19T06:45:08.646-08:00Live Make FUNfitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-19261919489629194162014-06-17T08:51:00.000-07:002014-06-17T08:54:22.649-07:00Grid ComputingNah sampai juga nih di ending tugas softskillane selama jadi
mahasiswa gundar. Penuh pengalaman banget dah kuliah disini. Ane jadi
tau watak orang yang baik, orang yang pura-pura baik, bahkan orang yang
pura-pura jadi temen kita. Tapi dibalik itu semua, so far ane jadi
belajar banyak. Ohh iya sebentar lagi ane mau sidang nih sebagai
mahasiswa tingkat akhir. Doain yaa semoga lancar nanti sidangnya. Yah jadi kebanyakan curhat kan. Oke deh kali ini ane akan coba bahas apa itu grid computing...<br />
<br />
Grid Computing adalah penggunaan sumber daya yang melibatkan banyak komputer yang terdistribusi dan terpisah secara geografis untuk memecahkan persoalan komputasi dalam skala besar. Menurut tulisan singkat oleh Ian Foster yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi bahwa suatu sistem melakukan komputasi grid yaitu :<br />
<ul>
<li>Sistem tersebut melakukan koordinasi terhadap sumberdaya komputasi yang tidak berada dibawah suatu kendali terpusat. Seandainya sumber daya yang digunakan berada dalam satu cakupan domain administratif, maka komputasi tersebut belum dapat dikatakan komputasi grid.</li>
<li>Sistem tersebut menggunakan standard dan protokol yang bersifat terbuka (tidak terpaut pada suatu implementasi atau produk tertentu). Komputasi grid disusun dari kesepakatan-kesepakatan terhadap masalah yang fundamental, dibutuhkan untuk mewujudkan komputasi bersama dalam skala besar. Kesepakatan dan standar yang dibutuhkan adalah dalam bidang autentikasi, otorisasi, pencarian sumberdaya, dan akses terhadap sumber daya.</li>
<li>Sistem tersebut berusaha untuk mencapai kualitas layanan yang canggih, (nontrivial quality of service) yang jauh diatas kualitas layanan komponen individu dari komputasi grid tersebut.</li>
</ul>
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<b>Nah udah ada bayangan apa itu grid computing. Oke sekarang kita lanjut bagaimana sih prinsip grid computing itu....</b><br />
Dua prinsip kerja utama grid
computing yang membedakannya dari arsitektur komputasi yang lain, semisal
mainframe, klien-server, atau multi-tier: virtualisasi dan provisioning.<br />
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<b>Provisioning </b></div>
Ketika konsumen meminta
sumberdaya melalui layer virtualisasi, sumberdaya tertentu di belakang layer
didefinisikan untuk memenuhi permintaan tersebut, dan kemudian dialokasikan ke
konsumen. Provisioning sebagai bagian dari grid computing berarti bahwa system
menentukan bagaimana cara memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen seiring dengan
mengoptimasi jalannya sistem secara keseluruhan.<b> </b></div>
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<b>Virtualisasi </b></div>
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Setiap sumberdaya (semisal
komputer, disk, komponen aplikasi dan sumber informasi) dikumpulkan
bersama-sama menurut jenisnya, lalu disediakan bagi konsumen (semisal orang
atau program software). Virtualisasi berarti meniadakan koneksi secara fisik
antara penyedia dan konsumen sumberdaya, dan menyiapkan sumberdaya untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan tanpa konsumen mengetahui bagaimana permintaannya bisa
terlayani.</div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<b>Apa aja sih jenis-jenis yang termasuk grid computing....</b></div>
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<b>GSI (Grid Security Infrastructure) </b></div>
Komponen ini dibuat untuk
mengamankan sistem komputasi grid secara keseluruhan. Komponen ini membedakan
teknologi GT4 dengan teknologi-teknologi sebelumnya. Dengan menerapkan
mekanisme keamanan yang tergabung dengan komponen-komponen komputasi grid
lainnya, sistem ini dapat diakses secara luas tanpa sedikitpun mengurangi
tingkat keamanannya. Sistem keamanan ini dibangun dengan segala komponen yang
telah diuji, mencakup proteksi data, autentikasi, delegasi dan autorisasi. <b></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>RFT/GridFTP (Reliable File Transfer/Grid File Transfer Protocol)</b></div>
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Komponen ini dibuat agar pengguna
dapat mengakses data yang berukuran besar dari semua simpul komputasi yang
telah tergabung dalam sebuah sistem komputasi secara efisien. Hal ini tentu
saja berpengaruh karena kinerja komputasi tidak hanya bergantung pada kecepatan
komputer yang tergabung dalam mengeksekusi program, tapi juga seberapa cepat
data yang dibutuhkan dapat diakses. Data yang diakses juga tidak selalu ada pada
komputer yang mengeksekusi.</div>
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<b>MDS (Monitoring and Discovery Service) </b></div>
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Komponen ini dibuat untuk
memonitoring proses komputasi yang sedang dijalankan agar dapat mendeteksi
masalah yang timbul dengan segera. Sedangkan fungsi disovery dibuat agar
pengguna mampu mengetahui keberadaan sumber daya komputasi beserta
karakteristiknya.</div>
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<b>Nah bagaimana sih implementasi grid computing itu....</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 13.65pt;">Implementasi grid computing berarti membangun pusat komputasi
data yang tangguh dengan struktur biaya variatif yang bisa disesuaikan dengan
kebutuhan. ORACLE 10g merupakan suatu aplikasi yang biasa digunakan oleh
perusahaan sebagai DBMS.</span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Huruf ‘g’ pada Oracle 10g adalah singkatan dari grid. Fokus dari
versi baru Oracle ini adalah untuk memudahkan perusahaan menyederhanakan proses
implementasi grid computing di luar kerangka kerja komputasi akademik, teknik,
riset dan saintifik. Oracle Database 10g memperkenalkan ASM (Automatic Storage
Management) yang mendukung fungsi penyimpan virtual dengan mirroring dan
stripping data secara otomatis. ASM dapat mengelola semua penyimpan database,
termasuk menambah atau menghapus penyimpan secara online. ASM didisain untuk
menyederhanakan konfigurasi dan pengelolaan penyimpan database.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Oracle 10g menyediakan fitur-fitur pengaksesan terhadap
informasi di saat dan di tempat diperlukan, juga menyesuaikan penyedia
informasi dan peminta informasi. Mengenai keamanan, mekanisme Enterprise User
Security memusatkan manajemen pengguna dalam bentuk direktori, sehingga tidak
perlu menciptakan pengguna yang sama semua database yang dijalankan di grid.
Virtual Private Database (VPD) dan Oracle Label Security juga digunakan untuk
menjamin bahwa hanya pengguna yang berhak yang bisa mengakses data terseleksi
pada grid, bahkan pada level baris dan kolom, tergantung sensitivitas data.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Komputasi modern yang diimplementasikan pada Grid Computing akan
semakin memudahkan para pelaku bisnis dalam melakukan management perusahaannya.
Walaupun tidak akan ada habisnya tantangan yang harus dihadapi, namun teknologi
tetap harus berkembang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
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<![endif]--></div>
<br />
<b>Nah setelah tau implementasinya pasti ingin tau kan kekurangan dan kelebihan grid computing itu, oke ane akan bahas.... </b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Kekurangan Grid Computing</b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Kekurangan pada grid computing
yang lebih Ditekankan disini adalah mengenai hambatan yang dialami oleh
masyarakat Indonesia dalam mengaplikasikan teknologi grid computing.
Hambatan-hambatan tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :</li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Manajemen institusi yang terlalu birokratis menyebabkan
mereka enggan untuk merelakan fasilitas yang dimiliki untuk digunakan secara
bersama agar mendapatkan manfaat yang lebih besar bagi masyarakat luas.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Masih sedikitnya sumber daya manusia yang
kompeten dalam mengelola grid computing.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Kurangnya pengetahuan yang mencukupi bagi
teknisi IT maupun user non teknisi mengenai manfaat dari grid computing itu
sendiri.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<b>Kelebihan Grid Computing</b><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Perkalian dari sumber daya: Resource pool dari
CPU dan storage tersedia ketika idle.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"> Lebih cepat dan lebih besar: Komputasi simulasi
dan penyelesaian masalah dapat berjalan lebih cepat dan mencakup domain yang
lebih luas.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Software dan aplikasi: Pool dari aplikasi dan
pustaka standard, akses terhadap model dan perangkat berbeda, metodologi
penelitian yang lebih baik.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Data: Akses terhadap sumber data global dan
hasil penelitian lebih baik.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Ukuran dan kompleksitas dari masalah
mengharuskan orang-orang dalam beberapa organisasi berkolaborasi dan berbagi
sumber daya komputasi, data dan instrumen sehingga terwujud bentuk organisasi
baru yaitu virtual organization.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Organisasi virtual sebagai hasil kolaborasi
memberikan beberapa keuntungan lebih lanjut, di antarnya :</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Sumber daya dan orang-orang yang tersebar ;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Dihubungkan oleh jaringan, melintasi
domain-domain admin;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Berbagi sumber daya, tujuan bersama;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Dinamis;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Fault-tolerant, dan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Tidak ada batas-batas geografis.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Oke sekian penjelasan dari saya, semoga bermanfaat yaa...<br />
<br />
Referensi:<br />
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<![endif]-->fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-13676830398479273482014-05-19T20:56:00.004-07:002014-05-19T20:56:55.753-07:00Pengertian, Algoritma, dan Implementasi Quantum ComputingApa kabar blogger semuanya? kalian baik-baik saja bukan. Disini saya akan membahas mengenai apa sih itu quantum computing, bagaimana algoritmanya dan bagaimana implementasinya, so kita mulai dari sejarahnya dulu yaa...<br />
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<b>Sejarahnya</b><br />
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Pada tahun 1970-an pencetusan atau ide tentang komputer kuantum pertama kali muncul oleh para fisikawan dan ilmuwan komputer, seperti Charles H. Bennett dari IBM, Paul A. Benioff dari Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, David Deutsch dari University of Oxford, dan Richard P. Feynman dari California Institute of Technology (Caltech).</div>
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Feynman dari California Institute of Technology yang pertama kali mengajukan dan menunjukkan model bahwa sebuah sistem kuantum dapat digunakan untuk melakukan komputasi. Feynman juga menunjukkan bagaimana sistem tersebut dapat menjadi simulator bagi fisika kuantum. </div>
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Pada tahun 1985, Deutsch menyadari esensi dari komputasi oleh sebuah komputer kuantum dan menunjukkan bahwa semua proses fisika, secara prinsipil, dapat dimodelkan melalui komputer kuantum. Dengan demikian, komputer kuantum memiliki kemampuan yang melebihi komputer klasik.</div>
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Pada tahun 1995, Peter Shor merumuskan sebuah algoritma yang memungkinkan penggunaan komputer kuantum untuk memecahkan masalah faktorisasi dalam teori bilangan.</div>
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Sampai saat ini, riset dan eksperimen pada bidang komputer kuantum masih terus dilakukan di seluruh dunia. Berbagai metode dikembangkan untuk memungkinkan terwujudnya sebuah komputer yang memilki kemampuan yang luar biasa ini. Sejauh ini, sebuah komputer kuantum yang telah dibangun hanya dapat mencapai kemampuan untuk memfaktorkan dua digit bilangan. Komputer kuantum ini dibangun pada tahun 1998 di Los Alamos, Amerika Serikat, menggunakan NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance).</div>
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<b>Nah abis tau sejarahnya pengen tau kan apa sih itu quantum Computing....</b><br />
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Quantum Computing adalah alat hitung yang menggunakan mekanika kuantum seperti superposisi dan keterkaitan, yang digunakan untuk peng-operasi-an data. Perhitungan jumlah data pada komputasi klasik dihitung dengan bit, sedangkan perhitungan jumlah data pada komputer kuantum dilakukan dengan qubit. Prinsip dasar komputer kuantum adalah bahwa sifat kuantum dari partikel dapat digunakan untuk mewakili data dan struktur data, dan bahwa mekanika kuantum dapat digunakan untuk melakukan operasi dengan data ini. Dalam hal ini untuk mengembangkan komputer dengan sistem kuantum diperlukan suatu logika baru yang sesuai dengan prinsip kuantum.</div>
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<b>Apa sih peengopeasian data qubit itu.....</b></div>
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Ilmu informasi quantum dimulai dengan menggeneralisir sumberdaya fundamental informasi klasik—bit—menjadi bit quantum, atau qubit. Sebagaimana bit merupakan objek ideal yang diabstraksi dari prinsip-prinsip fisika klasik, qubit adalah objek quantum ideal yang diabstraksi dari prinsip-prinsip mekanika quantum. Bit bisa direpresentasikan dengan kawasan-magnetik pada cakram, voltase pada sirkuit, atau tanda grafit yang dibuat pensil pada kertas. Pemfungsian status-status fisikal klasik ini sebagai bit tidak bergantung pada detil bagaimana mereka direalisasikan. Demikian halnya, atribut-atribut qubit adalah independen dari representasi fisikal spesifik sebagai pusingan nukleus atom atau, katakanlah, polarisasi photon cahaya.</div>
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Bit digambarkan oleh statusnya, 0 atau 1. Begitu pula, qubit digambarkan oleh status quantumnya. Dua status quantum potensial untuk qubit ekuivalen dengan 0 dan 1 bit klasik. Namun dalam mekanika quantum, objek apapun yang memiliki dua status berbeda pasti memiliki rangkaian status potensial lain, disebut superposisi, yang menjerat kedua status hingga derajat bermacam-macam. Status-status qubit yang diperkenankan persisnya merupakan semua status yang harus bisa dicapai, secara prinsip, oleh bit klasik yang ditransplantasikan ke dalam dunia quantum. Status-status qubit ekuivalen dengan titik-titik di permukaan bola, di mana 0 dan 1 sebagai kutub selatan dan utara [lihat boks di bawah]. Kontinum status antara 0 dan 1 membantu perkembangan banyak atribut luar biasa informasi quantum.</div>
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<b>Algoritma apa sih yang digunakan. Dalam quantum computing disini menggunakan 2 algoritma yaitu algoritma shor dan grover. Apa sih algoritma shor dan grover itu....</b><br />
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Algoritma Shor adalah contoh lanjutan paradigma dasar (berapa banyak waktu komputasi diperlukan untuk menemukan faktor bilangan bulat n-bit?), tapi algoritma ini tampak terisolir dari kebanyakan temuan lain ilmu informasi quantum. Sekilas, itu cuma seperti trik pemrograman cerdik dengan signifikansi fundamental yang kecil. Penampilan tersebut menipu; para periset telah menunjukkan bahwa algoritma Shor bisa ditafsirkan sebagai contoh prosedur untuk menetapkan level energi sistem quantum, sebuah proses yang fundamental. Seiring waktu berjalan dan kita mengisi lebih banyak pada peta, semestinya kian mudah memahami prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari algortima Shor dan algoritma quantum lainnya dan, kita harap, mengembangkan algoritma baru.</div>
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Algoritma Grover adalah sebuah algoritma kuantum untuk mencari database disortir dengan entri N di O ( N1 / 2 ) waktu dan menggunakan O ( log N ) ruang penyimpanan (lihat notasi O besar ) . Lov Grover dirumuskan itu pada tahun 1996 . Dalam model komputasi klasik , mencari database unsorted tidak dapat dilakukan dalam waktu kurang dari waktu linier (jadi hanya mencari melalui setiap item optimal ) . Algoritma Grover menggambarkan bahwa dalam model kuantum pencarian dapat dilakukan lebih cepat dari ini ; sebenarnya waktu kompleksitas O ( N1 / 2 ) adalah asimtotik tercepat mungkin untuk mencari database unsorted dalam model kuantum linear . Ini menyediakan percepatan kuadrat , seperti algoritma kuantum lainnya , yang dapat memberikan percepatan eksponensial atas rekan-rekan mereka klasik . Namun, bahkan percepatan kuadrat cukup besar ketika N besar . Seperti banyak algoritma kuantum , algoritma Grover adalah probabilistik dalam arti bahwa ia memberikan jawaban yang benar dengan probabilitas tinggi . Kemungkinan kegagalan dapat dikurangi dengan mengulangi algoritma .</div>
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<b>Udah kebayangkan apa itu qumtum computing, nah sekarang implementasinya di dunia nyata....</b><br />
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Pada 19 Nov 2013 Lockheed Martin, NASA dan Google semua memiliki satu misi yang sama yaitu mereka semua membuat komputer kuantum sendiri. Komputer kuantum ini adalah superkonduktor chip yang dirancang oleh sistem D – gelombang dan yang dibuat di NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratories.</div>
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NASA dan Google berbagi sebuah komputer kuantum untuk digunakan di Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab menggunakan 512 qubit D -Wave Two yang akan digunakan untuk penelitian pembelajaran mesin yang membantu dalam menggunakan jaringan syaraf tiruan untuk mencari set data astronomi planet ekstrasurya dan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi searchs internet dengan menggunakan AI metaheuristik di search engine heuristical. </div>
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A.I. seperti metaheuristik dapat menyerupai masalah optimisasi global mirip dengan masalah klasik seperti pedagang keliling, koloni semut atau optimasi swarm, yang dapat menavigasi melalui database seperti labirin. Menggunakan partikel terjerat sebagai qubit, algoritma ini bisa dinavigasi jauh lebih cepat daripada komputer konvensional dan dengan lebih banyak variabel. </div>
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Penggunaan metaheuristik canggih pada fungsi heuristical lebih rendah dapat melihat simulasi komputer yang dapat memilih sub rutinitas tertentu pada komputer sendiri untuk memecahkan masalah dengan cara yang benar-benar cerdas . Dengan cara ini mesin akan jauh lebih mudah beradaptasi terhadap perubahan data indrawi dan akan mampu berfungsi dengan jauh lebih otomatisasi daripada yang mungkin dengan komputer normal</div>
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sumber :<br />
http://quantumstudyclub.blogspot.com/2008/03/quantum-computer.html<br />
http://flashintata.blogspot.com/2013/05/quantum-computation.html<br />
http://www.komputasi.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?artikel&1152643054<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover’s_algorithm<br />
http://annisa-anggi.blogspot.com/2014/04/implementasi-quantum-computing.html<br />
http://wayansuryaadi.blogspot.com/2014/05/quantum-computing.htmlfitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-26819300876928117362014-03-16T03:56:00.000-07:002014-03-16T03:56:27.201-07:00Perkembangan Teori Komputasi Modern Beserta Implementasinya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hey para blogger, kembali lagi nih kita. Rasanya sudah
lama sekali saya tidak menulis di blog ini, karena banyak sekali kesibukan
mahasiswa tingat akhir hehehe. Dan sekarang saya akan coba membahas tentang “Perkembangan
Teori Komputasi Modern Beserta Implementasinya”. Kalau kita <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendengarkan kata komputasi modern, maka akan
terfikirkan akan dua hal, yang pertama adalah komputasi yang merupakan perhitungan
dengan menggunakan komputer dan modern yang artinya itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengikuti perkembangan jaman.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Asal muasal lahirnya sebuah komputasi adalah bermula
dengan adanya kegiatan menghitung angka-angka yang telah dilakukan oleh manusia
sejak berabad-abad silam. Saat itu manusia tersebut sudah mengenal angka dan
perhitungan. Misalnya saja pada zaman manusia purba. Saat itu telah ada system
barter barang, yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan menghitung-hitung juga. Yang
dihitung tersebut adalah nilai barang yang dibarterkan. Dengan apakan barang
tersebut bisa ditukar dan dibarter (barter = barang ditukar dengan barang
dimana barang yang ditukarkan tersebut memiliki nilai yang sama). Selain itu
bangsa romawi pun telah dapat menghitung sistem kalender dan rasi bintang. Jadi
dengan kata lain, pada zaman tersebut telah ada yang namanya system komputasi
(menghitung).<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sekarang zaman semakin berkembang, perhitungan sudah
semakin kompleks saja. Sehingga perhitungan yang kompleks tersebut tidak bisa
hanya mengandalkan otak manusia saja dan dilakukan dengan manual. Ataupun menggunakan
bantuan pena dan kertas, atau kapur dan batu tulis, atau dikerjakan secara
mental, dan bahkan kadang-kadang dengan bantuan suatu tabel. Seperti yang kita
diketahui, otak manusia itu memiliki kemampuan yang terbatas. Maka dari itulah
terciptanya sebuah komputasi yang disebut dengan komputasi modern. Sejak saat
itu mulailah bermunculan alat-alat perhitungan yang sangat canggih, seperti
computer. Tapi lama kelamaan, computer tidak hanya melakukan perhitungan saja,
Tapi juga banyak fungsi-fungsi yang lainnya yang bisa dilakukan oleh computer.
Namun pada dasarnya computer tersebut hanya bisa mengerti dengan angka-angka
saja. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya angka-angka binary sebagai bahasa
yang dimengerti oleh computer. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa komputasi tersebut
tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan hal yang berhubungan dengan angka-angka, walaupun
komputasi tersebut sudah dibilang komputasi modern.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SEJARAH
KOMPUTASI MODERN</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Komputasi modern ini pertama kalinya digagaskan oleh
seorang ilmuan yang bernama <strong><i>John Von Neumann</i></strong>. Dialah
orang yang pertama kali menggagaskan konsep sebuah sistem yang menerima
intruksi-intruksi dan menyimpannya dalam sebuah memory. Konsep inilah yang
menjadi dasar arsitektur komputer modern. John Von Neumann memberikan berbagai
sumbangsihnya dengan cara meningkat karya – karyanya dalam bidang matematika,
teori kuantum, game theory, fisika nuklir, dan ilmu komputer. Selain itu, Von
Neumann juga merupakan seorang ilmuan yang sangat berperan penting dalam
pembuatan bom atom di Los Alamos pada Perang Dunia II silam. Dan berkat
kepiawaian Neumann di bidang teori game inilah ia bisa melahirkan konsep
automata, teknologi bom atom dan komputasi modern yang akhirnya melahirkan
sebuah computer.</span></div>
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<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sebenarnya kata “komputer” tersebut pertama kali
dipergunakan secara umum pada tahun 1613. Arti kata komputer itu sendiri
mengacu kepada perhitungan aritmatika dan kata tersebut masih dipergunakan
hingga pertengahan abad ke-20. Dan seiring dengan perkembangan jaman dari akhir
abad ke-19 hingga seterusnya, “computer” menjadi berubah makna jadi sebuah
mesin yang melakukan komputasi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kemudian sekitar tahun 1920an, kata “mesin komputasi”
mulai dikenal. Setiap mesin yang dapat membantu melakukan pekerjaan manusia
yaitunya menghitung dengan metode yang efektif, disebut dengan mesin komputasi.
Pada tahun 1940-1950 dengan munculnya mesin komputasi elektronik kata “mesin
komputasi” mulai berubah menjadi “komputer” yang biasanya diawali dengan
“elektronik” atau “digital”.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sejak saat itu, Von Neumann menjadi seorang konsultan
pada pengembangan komputer ENIAC, Dia merancang konsep arsitektur komputer yang
masih dipakai sampai sekarang. Arsitektur Von Nuemann adalah seperangkat komputer
dengan program yang tersimpan (program dan data disimpan pada memori) dengan
pengendali pusat, I/O, dan memori. Konsep dasar arsitektur komputer modern
sendiri ialah konsep sebuah sistem yang menerima intruksi-intruksi dan
menyimpannya dalam sebuah memory.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MANFAAT
KOMPUTASI MODERN</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Komputasi modern ini melakukan perhitungan dengan
menggunakan komputer yang canggih dimana pada computer tersebut tersimpan
sejumlah algoritma untuk menyelesaikan masalah perhitungan secara efektif dan
efisien.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dari sana dapat terlihat bahwa komputasi modern dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah seperti dibawah ini:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modeling (NN & GA)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modeling
merupakan suatu hal yang penting dalam melakukan suatu perhitungan yang rumit.
Bayangkan saja jika kita dihadapi dalam suatu masalah perhitungan yang banyak
dan kompleks, tetapi tidak ada model matematika yang kita miliki. Perhitungan
akan berjalan berantakan dan tidak akan mendapatkan hasil yang akurat. Maka dari
itu komputasi modern membutuhkan modeling sebelum melakukan perhitungan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Problem Volume Besar (Down Sizzing
atau paralel)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
yang besar tentu membutuhkan suatu cara penyelesaian yang khusus. Karena data
yang besar dapat menjadi masalah jika ada yang terlewatkan. Oleh karena itu
digunakan metode Down Sizzing atau paralel pada komputasi modern untuk
menangani masalah volume yang besar. Dengan metode ini data yang besar
diparalelkan dalam pengolahannya sehigga dapat diorganisir dengan baik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akurasi (big, Floating point)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akurasi
tentu merupakan masalah yang paling penting dalam memecahkan masalah. Karena
itu pada komputasi modern dilakukan perhitungan bagaimana bisa menghasilkan
suatu jawaban yang akurat dari sebuah masalah. Tentu kita pernah mendengar tipe
data floating point yang biasa digunakan untuk menyimpan data numerik dalam
bentuk pecahan. Tipe data tersebut memiliki range penyimpanan numerik yang
besar, sehingga dapat digunakan oleh komputer untuk melakukan komputasi yang
akurat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompleksitas (Menggunakan Teori big
O)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komputasi
modern dirancang untuk menangani masalah yang kompleks, sehingga diterapkan
pada komputer. Dengan menggunakan teori Big O, maka komputasi modern dapat
melakukan perhitungan untuk memecahkan masalah kompleksitas yang kerap
dihadapi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecepatan (dalam satuan Hz)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia
pasti menginginkan masalah dapat diselesaikan dengan cepta. Karena itu
perhitungan masalah kecepeatan adalah suatu hal yang penting. Komputasi harus
dapat dilakukan dalam waktu yang cepat ketika mengolah suatu data. Sehingga
perlu metode kecepatan untuk mengolah perhitungan dalam waktu singkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Manfaat lainnya dari
komputasi modern yang sering kita dengar sekarang ini adalah tentang pembacaan
sidik jari dan scan retina mata. itu dinamakan dengan <b><i>teknik biometric.</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nah sekarang muncul lagi pertanyaan.
Memangnya <b><i>teknik biometric</i></b> itu apa sih??</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tapi sebelum membahas tentang teknik
biometric, sebaiknya kita perlu tau terlebih dahulu tentang computer biometric.
Baca terus yaawww….</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Komputer Biometric</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
adalah komputer yang bekerja dengan pengukuran statistic analisa data biologi
yang mengacu pada teknologi untuk menganalisa dan mendeteksi karakteristik
suatu tubuh / organ tubuh seorang individu. Jadi biometric ini menggambarkan
pendeteksian dan pengklasifikasian dari atribut fisik seorang individu,
misalnya seperti pendeteksi organ tubuh manusia (sidik jari ataupun retina
mata). Dan kesimpulannya <b><i>teknik biometric</i></b> ini adalah suatu cara
untuk mendeteksi seorang individu berdasarkan organ tubuh yang dimilikinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Contoh teknik biometric adalah:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembacaan sidik jari / telapak tangan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geometri tangan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembacaan retina / iris</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengenalan suara</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinamika tanda tangan.</span></li>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Implementasi teori komputasi di berbagai
bidang antara lain:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biologi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dalam implementasi komputasi
modern di bidang biologi terdapat Bioinformatika, sesuai dengan asal katanya
yaitu “bio” dan “informatika”, adalah gabungan antara ilmu biologi dan ilmu
teknik informasi (TI). Pada umumnya, Bioinformatika didefenisikan sebagai
aplikasi dari alat komputasi dan analisa untuk menangkap dan menginterpretasikan
data-data biologi. Ilmu ini merupakan ilmu baru yang yang merangkup berbagai
disiplin ilmu termasuk ilmu komputer, matematika dan fisika, biologi, dan ilmu
kedokteran, dimana kesemuanya saling menunjang dan saling bermanfaat satu sama
lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Istilah <i>bioinformatics</i>
mulai dikemukakan pada pertengahan era 1980-an untuk mengacu pada penerapan
komputer dalam biologi. Namun demikian, penerapan bidang-bidang dalam
bioinformatika (seperti pembuatan basis data dan pengembangan algoritma untuk
analisis sekuens biologis) sudah dilakukan sejak tahun 1960-an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ilmu bioinformatika lahir
atas insiatif para ahli ilmu komputer berdasarkan <i>artificial intelligence</i>.
Mereka berpikir bahwa semua gejala yang ada di alam ini bisa diuat secara
artificial melalui simulasi dari gejala-gejala tersebut. Untuk mewujudkan hal
ini diperlukan data-data yang yang menjadi kunci penentu tindak-tanduk gejala
alam tersebut, yaitu gen yang meliputi DNA atau RNA. Bioinformatika ini penting
untuk manajemen data-data dari dunia biologi dan kedokteran modern. Perangkat
utama Bioinformatika adalah program software dan didukung oleh kesediaan
internet</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perkembangan teknologi DNA
rekombinan memainkan peranan penting dalam lahirnya bioinformatika. Teknologi
DNA rekombinan memunculkan suatu pengetahuan baru dalam rekayasa genetika
organisme yang dikenala bioteknologi. Perkembangan bioteknologi dari
bioteknologi tradisional ke bioteknologi modren salah satunya ditandainya
dengan kemampuan manusia dalam melakukan analisis DNA organisme, sekuensing DNA
dan manipulasi DNA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sekuensing DNA satu organisme, misalnya suatu
virus memiliki kurang lebih 5.000 nukleotida atau molekul DNA atau sekitar 11
gen, yang telah berhasil dibaca secara menyeluruh pada tahun 1977. Kemudia
Sekuen seluruh DNA manusia terdiri dari 3 milyar nukleotida yang menyusun
100.000 gen dapat dipetakan dalam waktu 3 tahun, walaupun semua ini belum
terlalu lengkap. Saat ini terdapat milyaran data nukleotida yang tersimpan
dalam database DNA, GenBank di AS yang didirikan tahun 1982. Bioinformatika
(bahasa Inggris: <i>bioinformatics</i>) adalah ilmu yang mempelajari penerapan
teknik komputasional untuk mengelola dan menganalisis informasi biologis.
Bidang ini mencakup penerapan metode-metode matematika, statistika, dan
informatika untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah biologis, terutama dengan
menggunakan sekuens DNA dan asam amino serta informasi yang berkaitan
dengannya. Contoh topik utama bidang ini meliputi basis data untuk mengelola
informasi biologis, penyejajaran sekuens (<i>sequence alignment</i>), prediksi
struktur untuk meramalkan bentuk struktur protein maupun struktur sekunder RNA,
analisis filogenetik, dan analisis ekspresi gen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bioinformatika ialah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ilmu</span></a> yang
mempelajari penerapan teknik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komputasi</span></a> untuk mengelola dan menganalisis informasi hayati.
Bidang ini mencakup penerapan metode-metode <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">matematika</span></a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">statistika</span></a>,
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">informatika</span></a>
untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah biologi, terutama yang terkait dengan
penggunaan sekuens <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">DNA</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_amino"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam amino</span></a>. Contoh topik utama bidang ini meliputi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_data"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pangkalan data</span></a>
untuk mengelola informasi hayati, penyejajaran sekuens (<i>sequence alignment</i>),
prediksi struktur untuk meramalkan struktur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protein</span></a>
atau pun struktur sekunder <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">RNA</span></a>, analisis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filogenetika&action=edit"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">filogenetik</span></a>, dan analisis ekspresi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gen</span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bioinformatika pertama kali
dikemukakan pada pertengahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980-an"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1980an</span></a> untuk mengacu kepada penerapan ilmu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komputer</span></a>
dalam bidang biologi. Meskipun demikian, penerapan bidang-bidang dalam
bioinformatika seperti pembuatan pangkalan data dan pengembangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritma"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">algoritma</span></a>
untuk analisis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekuens_biologis&action=edit"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sekuens biologi</span></a> telah dilakukan sejak tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960-an"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1960an</span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Membicarakan
bioinformatika, tak dapat lepas dari proses lahirnya bidang tersebut.
Sebagaimana diketahui, bioteknologi dan teknologi informasi merupakan dua di
antara berbagai teknologi penting yang mengalami perkembangan signifikan dalam
beberapa tahun terakhir ini. Bioteknologi berakar dari bidang biologi,
sedangkan perkembangan teknologi informasi tak dapat dilepaskan dari
matematika. Umumnya biologi dan matematika dianggap sebagai dua bidang yang
sangat berbeda, dan sulit untuk dipadukan. Tetapi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
terkini justru menunjukkan sebaliknya. Perpaduan antara biologi dan matematika,
menghasilkan embrio suatu cabang pengetahuan baru yang memiliki masa depan yang
menjanjikan di abad 21 ini. Embrio itulah yang bernama bioinformatika. Bioinformatika
merupakan perpaduan harmonis antara teknologi informasi dan bioteknologi, yang
dilatarbelakangi oleh ledakan data (<i>data explosion</i>) observasi biologi
sebagai hasil yang dicapai dari kemajuan bioteknologi. Contohnya adalah
pertumbuhan pesat database DNA pada GenBank. Genbank adalah database utama
dalam biologi molekuler, yang dikelola oleh NCBI (<i>National Center for
Biotechnology Information</i>) di AS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kemajuan teknik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi_molekular"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biologi
molekuler</span></a> dalam mengungkap sekuens biologi protein (sejak awal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950-an"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1950an</span></a>)
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nukleat"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam
nukleat</span></a> (sejak 1960an) mengawali perkembangan pangkalan data dan
teknik analisis sekuens biologi. Pangkalan data sekuens protein mulai
dikembangkan pada tahun 1960an di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amerika Serikat</span></a>,
sementara pangkalan data sekuens DNA dikembangkan pada akhir 1970an di Amerika
Serikat dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jerman</span></a> pada Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Eropa</span></a> <i>(European Molecular
Biology Laboratory)</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penemuan teknik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekuensing"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sekuensing</span></a>
DNA yang lebih cepat pada pertengahan 1970an menjadi landasan terjadinya
ledakan jumlah sekuens DNA yang dapat diungkapkan pada 1980an dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1990an</span></a>.
Hal ini menjadi salah satu pembuka jalan bagi proyek-proyek pengungkapan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genom"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">genom</span></a>, yang
meningkatkan kebutuhan akan pengelolaan dan analisis sekuens, dan pada akhirnya
menyebabkan lahirnya bioinformatika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perkembangan jaringan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">internet</span></a>
juga mendukung berkembangnya bioinformatika. Pangkalan data bioinformatika yang
terhubungkan melalui internet memudahkan ilmuwan dalam mengumpulkan hasil
sekuensing ke dalam pangkalan data tersebut serta memperoleh sekuens biologi
sebagai bahan analisis. Selain itu, penyebaran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program&action=edit"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">program</span></a>-program aplikasi bioinformatika melalui internet
memudahkan ilmuwan dalam mengakses program-program tersebut dan kemudian
memudahkan pengembangannya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fisika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Implementasi komputasi moderndi bidang fisika ada
Computational Physics yang mempelajari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suatu gabungan antara
Fisika,Komputer Sain dan Matematika Terapan untuk memberikan solusi pada
“Kejadian dan masalah yang komplek pada dunia nyata” baik dengan menggunakan
simulasi juga penggunaan algoritma yang tepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemahaman fisika pada
teori, experimen, dan komputasi haruslah sebanding, agar dihasilkan solusi
numerik dan visualizasi /pemodelan yang tepat untuk memahami masalah Fisika.
Untuk melakukan perkerjaan seperti evaluasi integral,penyelesaian persamaan
differensial, penyelesaian persamaan simultans, mem-plot suatu fungsi/data,
membuat pengembangan suatu seri fungsi, menemukan akar persamaan dan bekerja
dengan bilangan komplek yang menjadi tujuan penerapan fisika komputasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak perangkat lunak
ataupun bahasa yang digunakan, baik MatLab, Visual Basic, Fortran,Open Source
Physics (OSP), Labview, Mathematica, dan lain sebagainya digunakan untuk
pemahaman dan pencarian solusi numerik dari masalah-masalah pada Fisika
komputasi. Suatu yang menjadi fokus perhatian kita disini adalah penggunaan
visual basicsebagai alat bantu dalam pembelajaran dan pencarian solusi Fisika
komputasi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Matematika</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Implementasi komputasi
modern di bidang matematika ada numerical analysis yaitu sebuah algoritma
dipakai untuk menganalisa masalah - masalah matematika. Bidang analisis numerik
sudah sudah dikembangkan berabad-abad sebelum penemuan komputer modern. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpolasi_linear&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Interpolasi linear (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Interpolasi
linear</span></a> sudah digunakan lebih dari 2000 tahun yang lalu. Banyak
matematikawan besar dari masa lalu disibukkan oleh analisis numerik, seperti
yang terlihat jelas dari nama algoritma penting seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_Newton" title="Metode Newton"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metode Newton</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polinomial_Lagrange&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Polinomial Lagrange (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">interpolasi
polinomial Lagrange</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliminasi_Gauss&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eliminasi Gauss (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eliminasi Gauss</span></a>,
atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metode_Euler&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Metode Euler (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metode Euler</span></a>.</span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Buku-buku besar berisi
rumus dan tabel data seperti interpolasi titik dan koefisien fungsi diciptakan
untuk memudahkan perhitungan tangan. Dengan menggunakan tabel ini (seringkali
menampilkan perhitungan sampai 16 angka desimal atau lebih untuk beberapa
fungsi), kita bisa melihat nilai-nilai untuk diisikan ke dalam rumus yang
diberikan dan mencapai perkiraan numeris sangat baik untuk beberapa fungsi.
Karya utama dalam bidang ini adalah penerbitan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NIST&action=edit&redlink=1" title="NIST (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">NIST</span></a> yang disunting
oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abramovich_dan_Stegun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Abramovich dan Stegun (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abramovich dan
Stegun</span></a>, sebuah buku setebal 1000 halaman lebih. Buku ini berisi
banyak sekali rumus yang umum digunakan dan fungsi dan nilai-nilainya di banyak
titik. Nilai f-nilai fungsi tersebut tidak lagi terlalu berguna ketika komputer
tersedia, namun senarai rumus masih mungkin sangat berguna.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalkulator_mekanik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kalkulator mekanik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kalkulator
mekanik</span></a> juga dikembangkan sebagai alat untuk perhitungan tangan.
Kalkulator ini berevolusi menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_elektronik" title="Komputer elektronik"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komputer elektronik</span></a> pada
tahun 1940. Kemudian ditemukan bahwa komputer juga berguna untuk tujuan
administratif. Tetapi penemuan komputer juga mempengaruhi bidang analisis
numerik, karena memungkinkan dilakukannya perhitungan yang lebih panjang dan
rumit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimia</span></b>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Implementasi komputasi modern di bidang kimia ada
Computational Chemistry yaitu penggunaan ilmu komputer untuk membantu
menyelesaikan masalah kimia, contohnya penggunaan super komputer untuk
menghitung struktur dan sifat molekul. Istilah <i>kimia teori</i> dapat
didefinisikan sebagai deskripsi matematika untuk kimia, sedangkan kimia
komputasi biasanya digunakan ketika metode matematika dikembangkan dengan cukup
baik untuk dapat digunakan dalam program komputer. Perlu dicatat bahwa kata
"tepat" atau "sempurna" tidak muncul di sini, karena
sedikit sekali aspek kimia yang dapat dihitung secara tepat. Hampir semua aspek
kimia dapat digambarkan dalam skema komputasi kualitatif atau kuantitatif
hampiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Molekul terdiri atas inti dan elektron, sehingga diperlukan
metode mekanika kuantum. Kimiawan komputasi sering berusaha memecahkan
persamaan Schrödinger non-relativistik, dengan penambahan koreksi relativistik,
walaupun beberapa perkembangan telah dilakukan untuk memecahkan persamaan
Schrödinger yang sepenuhnya relativistik. Pada prinsipnya persamaan Schrödinger
mungkin diselesaikan, baik dalam bentuk bergantung-waktu atau
tak-bergantung-waktu, disesuaikan dengan masalah yang dikaji, tetapi pada
praktiknya tidak mungkin kecuali untuk sistem yang amat kecil. Karena itu,
sejumlah besar metode hampiran dikembangkan untuk mencapai kompromi terbaik
antara ketepatan perhitungan dan biaya komputasi.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam kimia teori, kimiawan dan fisikawan secara bersama
mengembangkan algoritma dan program komputer untuk memungkinkan peramalan
sifat-sifat atom dan molekul, dan/atau lintasan reaksi untuk reaksi kimia,
serta simulasi sistem makroskopis. Kimiawan komputasi kebanyakan “sekedar”
menggunakan program komputer dan metodologi yang ada dan menerapkannya untuk
permasalahan kimia tertentu. Di antara sebagian besar waktu yang digunakan
untuk hal tersebut, kimiawan komputasi juga dapat terlibat dalam pengembangan
algoritma baru, maupun pemilihan teori kimia yang sesuai, agar diperoleh proses
komputasi yang paling efisien dan akurat.</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terdapat
beberapa pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kajian
komputasi dapat dilakukan untuk menemukan titik awal untuk sintesis dalam
laboratorium.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kajian
komputasi dapat digunakan untuk menjelajahi mekanisme reaksi dan
menjelaskan pengamatan pada reaksi di laboratorium.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kajian
komputasi dapat digunakan untuk memahami sifat dan perubahan pada sistem
makroskopis melalui simulasi yang berlandaskan hukum-hukum interaksi yang
ada dalam sistem.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Terdapat
beberapa bidang utama dalam topik ini, antara lain:</span>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyajian
komputasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan
dalam penyimpanan dan pencarian spesi kimia (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basisdata_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Basisdata kimia (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basisdata
kimia</span></a>)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan
dalam penentuan pola dan hubungan antara struktur kimia dan sifat-sifatnya
(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HSSK&action=edit&redlink=1" title="HSSK (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">QSPR</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HSKK&action=edit&redlink=1" title="HSKK (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">QSAR</span></a>).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elusidasi
struktur secara teoretis berdasarkan pada simulasi gaya-gaya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan
komputasi untuk membantu sintesis senyawa yang efisien</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendekatan
komputasi untuk merancang molekul yang berinteraksi lewat cara-cara yang
khusus, khususnya dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perancangan_obat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perancangan obat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perancangan
obat</span></a>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simulasi
proses transisi fase</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simulasi
sifat-sifat bahan seperti polimer, logam, dan kristal (termasuk kristal
cair).</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sejumlah
paket perangkat lunak menyediakan berbagai metode kimia-kuantum. Di antara yang
luas digunakan adalah:</span>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gaussian</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gamess</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q-Chem</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ACES</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalton</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spartan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Psi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PLATO
(Package for Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOLCAS&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MOLCAS (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MOLCAS</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOLPRO&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MOLPRO (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MOLPRO</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MPQC&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MPQC (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MPQC</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWChem" title="NWChem"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">NWChem</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSI_%28computational_chemistry%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PSI (computational chemistry) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Psi3</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PC_GAMESS&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PC GAMESS (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PC GAMESS</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spartan_%28software%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Spartan (software) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Spartan</span></a></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TURBOMOLE&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TURBOMOLE (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TURBOMOLE</span></a></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Geografi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Implementasi komputasi
modern di bidang geografi diterapkan pada GIS (Geographic Information System)
yang merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_informasi" title="Sistem informasi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem informasi</span></a> khusus
yang mengelola data yang memiliki informasi spasial (bereferensi keruangan).
Atau dalam arti yang lebih sempit, adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_komputer" title="Sistem komputer"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sistem komputer</span></a> yang memiliki kemampuan untuk membangun,
menyimpan, mengelola dan menampilkan informasi berefrensi geografis, misalnya
data yang diidentifikasi menurut lokasinya, dalam sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database" title="Database"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">database</span></a>. Para praktisi juga memasukkan orang yang membangun
dan mengoperasikannya dan data sebagai bagian dari sistem ini.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY_0HHj92NtRIplDjFnKdkMdzrVdb8IC53oqDjYaBgcxUXtbHdNyb0bf-KDaL6_hngs3luWxES995O_OpCobf8vbEQ7kqOhJ0YXdzlgWR_axJf3PmJANHUIIjmShZWHOiXNsSW3WSX1gc/s1600/8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY_0HHj92NtRIplDjFnKdkMdzrVdb8IC53oqDjYaBgcxUXtbHdNyb0bf-KDaL6_hngs3luWxES995O_OpCobf8vbEQ7kqOhJ0YXdzlgWR_axJf3PmJANHUIIjmShZWHOiXNsSW3WSX1gc/s1600/8.JPG" height="245" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teknologi Sistem Informasi Geografis dapat
digunakan untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investigasi_ilmiah&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Investigasi ilmiah (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">investigasi
ilmiah</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengelolaan_sumber_daya&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengelolaan sumber daya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pengelolaan sumber daya</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perencanaan_pembangunan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perencanaan pembangunan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perencanaan pembangunan</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kartografi</span></a> dan perencanaan rute. Misalnya, GIS bisa membantu
perencana untuk secara cepat menghitung waktu tanggap darurat saat terjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana_alam" title="Bencana alam"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bencana alam</span></a>, atau GIS dapat digunaan untuk mencari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahan_basah" title="Lahan basah"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lahan basah</span></a> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">wetlands</span>)
yang membutuhkan perlindungan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi" title="Polusi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">polusi</span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Komponen-komponen pendukung GIS terdiri dari
lima komponen yang bekerja secara terintegrasi yaitu perangkat keras (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hardware</span>), perangkat lunak (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">software</span>), data, manusia, dan metode
yang dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perangkat Keras (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hardware</span>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perangkat
keras GIS adalah perangkat-perangkat fisik yang merupakan bagian dari sistem
komputer yang mendukung analisis goegrafi dan pemetaan. Perangkat keras GIS
mempunyai kemampuan untuk menyajikan citra dengan resolusi dan kecepatan yang
tinggi serta mendukung operasioperasi basis data dengan volume data yang besar
secara cepat. Perangkat keras GIS terdiri dari beberapa bagian untuk menginput
data, mengolah data, dan mencetak hasil proses. Berikut ini pembagian
berdasarkan proses :</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Input
data: <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mouse</span></a></span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digitizer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Digitizer (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">digitizer</span></a></span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner" title="Scanner"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">scanner</span></a></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olah
data: <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harddisk" title="Harddisk"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">harddisk</span></a></span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">processor</span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">RAM</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">VGA Card</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Output
data: <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plotter&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Plotter (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">plotter</span></a></span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer" title="Printer"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">printer</span></a></span>, screening.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perangkat Lunak (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">software</span>)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perangkat
lunak digunakan untuk melakukan proses menyimpan, menganalisa, memvisualkan
data-data baik data spasial maupun non-spasial. Perangkat lunak yang harus
terdapat dalam komponen software SIG adalah:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
untuk memasukkan dan memanipulasi data SIG</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data Base Management System</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (DBMS)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
untuk menganalisa data-data</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat
untuk menampilkan data dan hasil analisa</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada
prinsipnya terdapat dua jenis data untuk mendukung GIS yaitu :</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
Spasial</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Data
spasial adalah gambaran nyata suatu wilayah yang terdapat di permukaan bumi.
Umumnya direpresentasikan berupa grafik, peta, gambar dengan format digital dan
disimpan dalam bentuk koordinat x,y (vektor) atau dalam bentuk image (raster)
yang memiliki nilai tertentu.</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data
Non Spasial (Atribut)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Data
non spasial adalah data berbentuk tabel dimana tabel tersebut berisi informasi-
informasi yang dimiliki oleh obyek dalam data spasial. Data tersebut berbentuk
data tabular yang saling terintegrasi dengan data spasial yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Manusia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Manusia
merupakan inti elemen dari GIS karena manusia adalah perencana dan pengguna
dari GIS. Pengguna GIS mempunyai tingkatan seperti pada sistem informasi
lainnya, dari tingkat spesialis teknis yang mendesain dan mengelola sistem
sampai pada pengguna yang menggunakan GIS untuk membantu pekerjaannya
sehari-hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekonomi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat
Computational Economics yang mempelajari titik pertemuan antara ilmu ekonomi
dan ilmu komputer mencakup komputasi keuangan, statistika, pemrograman yang di
desain khusus untuk komputasi ekonomi dan pengembangan alat bantu untuk
pendidikan ekonomi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sosiologi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat
Computational Sosiology yaitu penggunaan metode komputasi dalam menganalisa
fenomena sosial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
Referensi</div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://id.wikipedia.org</span> </span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://id.swewe.com/word_show.htm/?11943_2&Matematika%7CKomputasi</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://safemode.web.id/artikel/teknologi/perkembangan-komputasi-modern</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://himamia.mipa.uns.ac.id/2012/09/07/perkembangan-kimia-komputasi/</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika_komputasi</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://kaharuvany.blogspot.com/2012/06/komputasi-modern.html</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://luciferion-knight.blogspot.com/2013/04/teori-komputasi-dan-implementasinya.html</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://fiskomfmipaunpatti.blogspot.com/</span></div>
<div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://fatchiyah.lecture.ub.ac.id/teaching-responsibility/bioinformatics/whats-bioinformatics/ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-25826979370614993132014-01-16T22:46:00.001-08:002014-01-16T22:48:07.589-08:00Proposal Tender Aplikasi PT. Dahar Project<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tender adalah istilah yang telah dikenal luas oleh umum,
khususnya oleh para pengusaha di bidang perdagangan umum, jasa konstruksi, jasa
konsultasi dan lain sebagainya. Tender dilaksanakan melalui suatu sistem
Pelelangan Umum atau Pelelangan Terbatas bagi para pengusaha yang telah
memenuhi syara-syarat dan standart kualifikasi yang ditentukan sebagai peserta
tender atau pelelangan. Berikut uraian secara singkat contoh pelaksanaan suatu
tender:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pihak yang membutuhkan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pihak peserta Tender yang menawarkan Barang dan Jasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/200315885/Proposal-Tender-Aplikasi-PT-Dahar-Project" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Proposal Tender Aplikasi PT. Dahar Project on Scribd">Proposal Tender Aplikasi PT. Dahar Project</a></div>
<iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_95652" scrolling="no" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/200315885/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe><br />
<br />
Referensi:<br />
<a href="http://zechreich.wordpress.com/2011/01/07/contoh-proposal-tender-it/" target="_blank">http://zechreich.wordpress.com/2011/01/07/contoh-proposal-tender-it/</a>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-54096338109636527922014-01-16T12:45:00.002-08:002014-01-16T12:45:44.154-08:00Strategi Mendapatkan Proyek Melalui Tender<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana cara agar
mendapatkan proyek TI melalui tender? ?<span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"Banyak jalan
menuju roma" yaa mungkin pribahasa ini dapat menjadi gambaran<br />
jika ingin mendapatkan proyek.. banyak hal dan koneksi bila ingin lancar
mendapatkan proyek, tapi yang jelas kami akan memberikan gambaran cara strategi
mendapatkan proyek TI dengan jalan yang lurus, hal yang harus disiapkan adalah
harus terlebih dahulu CV perusahaan yang ingin mengikuti tender karena
peraturan pemerintah mensyaratkan peserta tender harus berbentuk badan hukum
dan bukan perorangan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Mensiapkan
berbagai macam dokumen syarat tender, serperti nomor pokok wajib pajak (NPWP),
surat izin perusaha perdagangan (SIUP), surat keterangan domisili perusahaan
(SKDP) dan dokumen lainnya yang menjadi syarat tertentu pada pengumuman lelang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> M</span>encari sebanyak banyaknya info
tentang tender yang ingin diikuti biasanya terdapat di koran, website, atau
LPSE yang berfungsi sebagai lembaga pengadaan lelang secara elektronik
dimasing-masing wilayah kabupaten atau kota di indonesia, informasi tender juga
bisa di dapatkan dari panitia lelang yang mengadakan lelang.<span class="apple-converted-space"> B</span>aca dengan cermat apa saja yang
menjadi persyaratan yang harus disediakan untuk mengikuti lelang tender dan
surat-surat pengajuan tender.<span class="apple-converted-space"> I</span>kuti
dengan disiplin penjadwalan yang telah dibuat oleh panitia tender.<span class="apple-converted-space"> I</span>kutilah pelelangan tender yang sehat,
jangan sekali-kali mengikuti tender yang sudah diketahui tidak sehat karena
akan sia-sia saja jika tidak ada 'link'<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pintar
dalam mengajukan harga penawaran dibawah atau mendekati harga tender.
Mengajukan harga yang lebih tinggi akan semakin memperkecil peluang memenangkan
tender.<span class="apple-converted-space"> P</span>ererat hubungan baik
dengan banyak suplier dan pedagang baik jasa maupun barang, dengan ini akan
memberikan efek baik bagi perusahaan yang akan mengikuti tender.<span class="apple-converted-space"> J</span>ika sudah terpilih maka harus menjaga
kualitas pengerjaan dengan sebagaimana kesepakatan. dengan begini juga akan
mendapatkan efek baik dan tepercarya dan memungkinkan perusahaan yang menjaga
kualitas akan langsung di gunakan lagi jika ada proyek tender selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.ilmusipil.com/cara-menang-tender-pengadaan-barang-dan-jasa" target="_blank">http://www.ilmusipil.com/cara-menang-tender-pengadaan-barang-dan-jasa</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://timtender.com/index.php/79-tips-a-artikel/77-tips-menang-tender-pengadaan-barang-dan-jasa" target="_blank"> http://timtender.com/index.php/79-tips-a-artikel/77-tips-menang-tender-pengadaan-barang-dan-jasa</a></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-55001908654212235562014-01-16T12:40:00.002-08:002014-01-16T12:40:30.569-08:00Cara Membuat Akta Notaris<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam berbisnis kita juga memerlukan dokumen-dokumen penting
lain salah satunya adalah Akte Notaris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akta Notaris ialah Akta yang dibuat dihadapan atau
oleh Notaris. Akta ini memiliki kekuatan pembuktian di hadapan pengadilan
yang paling kuat dibandingkan alat bukti surat lainnya. Perbedaan utama
dibanding akta lainnya adalah kesaksian Notaris terhadap kapan dan dimana serta
siapa yang melakukan perbuatan hukum yang tecntum dalam akta tersebut.<br />
Akta juga dibedakan yaitu Akta Otentik dan Akta Di bawah tangan. Suatu
surat dapat dikatakan sebagai akta bila telah ditandatangai, dibuat
dengan sengaja dan dipergunakan oleh orang untuk keperluan surat tersebut
dibuat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam KUHPerdata ketentuan mengenai akta diatur dalam
Pasal 1867 sampai pasal 180 Syarat formil akta notaris: Diatur dalam ketentuan
Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
(1) Setiap Akta Notaris terdiri atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awal akta atau kepala akta.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">badan akta.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akhir atau penutup akta.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Awal akta atau kepala akta memuat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">judul akta<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nomor akta<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jam, hari, tanggal, bulan, dan
tahun<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nama lengkap dan tempat
kedudukan Notaris.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
(3) Badan akta memuat:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama lengkap, tempat dan
tanggal lahir, kewarganegaraan, pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, tempat
tinggal para penghadap dan/atau orang yang mereka wakil.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan mengenai kedudukan
bertindak penghadap.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isi akta yang merupakan
kehendak dan keinginan dari pihakyang berkepentingan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal
lahir, serta pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, dan tempat tinggal dari
tiap-tiap saksi pengenal.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
(4) Akhir atau penutup akta memuat:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian tentang pembacaan akta
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 16ayat (1) huruf l atau Pasal 16 ayat
(7).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian tentang penandatanganan
dan tempat penandatanganan atau penerjemahan akta apabila ada.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama lengkap, tempat dan
tanggal lahir, pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, dan tempat tinggal dari
tiap-tiap saksi akta.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uraian tentang tidak adanya
perubahan yang terjadi dalam pembuatan akta atau uraian tentang adanya
perubahan yang dapat berupa penambahan, pencoretan, atau penggantian.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(5) Akta Notaris Pengganti, Notaris Pengganti Khusus, dan
Pejabat Sementara Notaris, selain memuat ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat (4), juga memuat nomor dan tanggal penetapan
pengangkatan, serta pejabat yang mengangkatnya.<br />
<br />
Akta notaris yang tidak memenuhi syarat formil dalam Pasal 38 Undang-Undang
Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris, maka akta tersebut menjadi akta di
bawah tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat materil (Diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 1320
KUHPerdata):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya kesepakatan kedua belah
pihak. Maksud kata sepakat ialah, kedua belah pihak yang membuat
perjanjian sepakat mengenai hal-hal yang diatur dalam kontrak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecakapan untuk melakukan
perbuatan hukum. Ini adalah suatu azaz dalam ilmu hukum yang berarti orang
yang sudah cukup umur/ dewasa dan sehat pikirannya. Menurut KUHPerdata
yang termasuk dewasa adalah bagi laki-laki 21 tahun dan bagi wanita 19
tahun. Adanya Obyek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya suatu obyek dari suatu
perjanjian haruslah memuat sesuatu hal/ tindakan atau barang yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya kausa yang halal. Pasal
1335 KUHPerdata, suatu perjanjian yang tidak tidak bertentangan sengan
peraturan hukum yang berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila akta otentik tersebut tidak memenuhi syarat obyektif
Pasal 1320 B.W., maka akta tersebut batal demi hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
Apapun bentuk usahanya PT, CV, Fa, Koperasi, UD dll pasti hal pertama dalam
perijinan adalah akta notaris. Akta Notaris ini dibuat oleh Notaris. Jadi kalau
mau membuat akta notaris datang aja ke notaris. Tapi jangan lupa sebelum
membuat akta notaris persiapkan dulu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk badan hukum (PT, CV,
atau yang lainnya)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama perusahaannya (Untuk PT
harus 3 kata)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapa yang menjadi Komisaris,
Direktur Utama, Direktur dll.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berapa modal awalnya ? khusus
PT (perusahaan kecil sampai 200jt, perusahaan menengah 200 jt-500
jt, perusahaan besar lebih dari 500jt)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biasanya notaris akan mengecek
nama yang kita ajukan, jangan sampai nama tersebut sudah ada, kalau belum
ada yang pakai dinyatakan oke . Dan jangan lupa juga harus tertulis
usaha yang benar-benar akan kita jalani. Untuk biayanya tidak sama setiap
notaris. Bisa-bisanya kita menawar, untuk CV Notaris mau Rp 500.000
untuk PT agak mahal, mintanya Rp 1.000.000</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Contoh Akta Notaris:</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXOK5gK-BKf4-RWgt6iKknQCD5kbRpNNrrGbq9C-gGG6dYf948tDOwSRglDAEhA_YcbjKzY2JF61Wc9_nICmf2J7vUlZw-PtSBxgKCMaabYgIDozmOEFad2mLpJW6-XIIaQoyLTTYiZ4/s1600/akta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXOK5gK-BKf4-RWgt6iKknQCD5kbRpNNrrGbq9C-gGG6dYf948tDOwSRglDAEhA_YcbjKzY2JF61Wc9_nICmf2J7vUlZw-PtSBxgKCMaabYgIDozmOEFad2mLpJW6-XIIaQoyLTTYiZ4/s1600/akta.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/104969233" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Contoh Akta Pendirian Perusahaan Terbatas on Scribd">Contoh Akta Pendirian Perusahaan Terbatas</a></div>
<iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_92080" scrolling="no" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/104969233/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe><br />
<br />
Referensi:<br />
<a href="http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/2010/05/akta-notaris-by-notaris-bandung.html" target="_blank">http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/2010/05/akta-notaris-by-notaris-bandung.html</a><br />
<a href="http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/2010/05/akta-notaris-by-notaris-bandung.html" target="_blank">http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/2010/05/akta-notaris-by-notaris-bandung.html</a>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-45449415786362626532014-01-16T12:26:00.000-08:002014-01-16T12:29:14.467-08:00Cara Membuat NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak)<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NPWP adalah nomor yang diberikan kepada Wajib Pajak sebagai
sarana yang merupakan tanda pengenal atau identitas bagi setiap Wajib Pajak
dalam melaksanakan hak dan kewajibannya di bidang perpajakan. Sedangkan untuk
memperoleh NPWP, Wajib Pajak wajib mendaftarkan diri pada KPP, atau KP4 dengan
mengisi formulir pendaftaran dan melampirkan persyaratan administrasi yang
diperlukan. Pendaftaran wajib pajak untuk mendapatkan NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib
Pajak) dilaksanakan dengan system self assessment dimana Wajib Pajak mempunyai
kewajiban untuk mendaftarkan diri ke Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) atau Kantor
Penyuluhan dan Pengamatan Potensi Perpajakan (KP4) yang wilayahnya meliputi
tempat tinggal atau kedudukan Wajib Pajak untuk diberikan Nomor Pokok Wajib
Pajak (NPWP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegunaan NPWP ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai sarana dalam
administrasi Perpajakan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai Identitas wajib pajak<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjaga ketertiban dalam
pembayaran Pajak dan pengawasan administrasi perpajakan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dicantumkan dalam setiap
dokumen perpajakan. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat membuat NPWP Perusahaan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi salah
satu KTP Pengurus.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk fotokopi KTP
pengurus disarankan KTP Ketua atau Direktur dari perusahaan/badan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi salah
satu NPWP Pribadi Pengurus<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sama halnya seperti
fotokopi KTP pengurus, disarankan NPWP pribadi Ketua atau Direktur dari
perusahaan/lembaga.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi Akta
Pendirian Perusahaan/Badan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada fotokopi akta
pendirian perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lembaga yang kalian miliki. Saya tidak bisa
menjelaskan bagaimana cara membuat akta pendirian perusahaan/badan disini
karena cukup panjang dan membutuhkan tulisan baru untuk membuatnya itu akan
dijelaskan oleh blog teman saya.</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surat
Keterangan Domisili dari Kelurahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surat keterangan
domisili ini bisa kalian dapatkan di kantor kelurahan tempat dimana
perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lembaga sobat berdomisili. Cukup datang ke kantor
kelurahan dengan membawa KTP ketua atau direktur dan Surat Pernyataan yang
dikeluarkan Perusahaan yang menyatakan domisili atau alamat tempat perusahaan
sobat berdiri serta membawa fotokopi akta pendirian Perusahaam/Badan/Yayasan/Lembaga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulir
Pengajuan NPWP Perusahaan/Badan<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formulir pengajuan
NPWP Perusahaan/Badan/Yayasan/Lembaga merupakan salah satu syarat membuat NPWP
perusahaan. Dimana mendapatkan formulir pengajuan NPWP perusahaan ini? Sobat
tidak perlu bingung, formulir pengajuan NPWP perusahaan ini ada di kantor pajak
tempat perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lemabaga sobat berdomisili. Ketika sampai di
kantor pajak, biasanya ada petugas (satpam) yang akan menanyakan akan membuat
NPWP apa? Jawab saja NPWP perusahaan/badan maka sobat nanti akan diberi
formulir pengajuan NPWP perusahaan/badan. Silahkan sobat isi sesuai dengan data
yang sobat miliki (syarat 1-4).<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Waktu pembuatan NPWP Pribadi
dan Perusahaan tidak lama, kurang dari <b>15 menit</b> sobat sudah
mendapatkan NPWP pribadi atau perusahaan sobat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Untuk alamat kantor pajak tempat membuatnya,
sobat bisa melihatnya di:</span><br />
<span style="background: white;"><a href="http://apps.prabowomurti.com/kantorpajak.php">http://apps.prabowomurti.com/kantorpajak.php</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Contoh NPWP:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_9v6BOzDPPZijiBpPdHW2yKDDnu5SAahM7zrIb27BKTab7clZhweMPUrj-VDjg9s0UDB0ceeUt8hRQmoPvL_51v4eMkB2mjsAUngfnVETA61G1OpzmStM0JOkNZDvkjRtYO4vahy_oR4/s1600/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_9v6BOzDPPZijiBpPdHW2yKDDnu5SAahM7zrIb27BKTab7clZhweMPUrj-VDjg9s0UDB0ceeUt8hRQmoPvL_51v4eMkB2mjsAUngfnVETA61G1OpzmStM0JOkNZDvkjRtYO4vahy_oR4/s1600/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/178906381/Formulir-Permohonan-Pendaftaran-WP-Untuk-Orang-Pribadi-PER-44PJ2008" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Formulir Permohonan Pendaftaran WP Untuk Orang Pribadi(PER-44PJ2008) on Scribd">Formulir Permohonan Pendaftaran WP Untuk Orang Pribadi(PER-44PJ2008)</a> by <a href="http://www.scribd.com/indratbg" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View indra lumbantobing's profile on Scribd">rezroot</a></div>
<iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="0.772922022279349" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_2075" scrolling="no" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/178906381/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-1pz8m60lzga1v1ks7tf8&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe><br />
<br />
Referensi:<br />
<a href="http://www.kekerku.com/wp-content/themes/directorypress/thumbs/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.kekerku.com/wp-content/themes/directorypress/thumbs/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg</a><br />
<a href="http://iqbalparabi.com/syarat-membuat-npwp-pribadi-dan-perusahaan/" target="_blank">http://iqbalparabi.com/syarat-membuat-npwp-pribadi-dan-perusahaan/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.pajak.go.id/content/mendaftarkan-diri-untuk-mendapatkan-npwp" target="_blank">http://www.pajak.go.id/content/mendaftarkan-diri-untuk-mendapatkan-npwp</a>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-71448471611383692082014-01-16T12:00:00.000-08:002014-01-16T22:23:03.060-08:00Cara Membuat SIUP (Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan) <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena dalam mendirikan
perusahaan kita membutuhkan SIUP, maka disini kami akan membahas apa itu SIUP,
apa manfaatnya, jenis-jenis SIUP, dan proses-proses pengajuan SIUP.
Pertama-tama kami akan membahas apa itu SIUP, SIUP adalah dokumen yang
diperlukan dan diwajibkan bagi orang per orang maupun badan usaha yang akan
mendirikan usaha perdagangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemegang SIUP tidak
harus selalu pedagang dengan skala besar yang melayani perdagangan lintas
negara dan sejenisnya, pedagang regional dalam skala kecil pun sebaiknya
memiliki SIUP.<br />
Tujuan pembuatan SIUP adalah untuk mendapatkan legalisasi dari pihak yang
terkait sehingga bisa mencegah adanya kemungkinan masalah dikemudian hari.<br />
<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat SIUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
1. sebagai syarat legalisasi yang diminta pemerintah<br />
2. mendukung kegiatan ekspor – impor yang dijalankan<br />
3. syarat untuk bisa mengikuti lelang legal<br />
<br />
<b>Jenis SIUP </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIUP dikelompokan dalam tiga kategori
berdasarkan besar – kecilnya modal yang digunakan dalam pendirian usaha,
diantaranya adalah :<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIUP
Besar</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
perusahaan yang besar modalnya di atas Rp 500.000.000<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIUP
Menengah</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
perusahaan dengan kisaran modal antara Rp 200.000.000 – Rp 500.000.000<br />
besarnya modal tersebut tidak termasuk tanah atau tempat usaha<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SIUP
Kecil</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
modal dan kekayaan bersih pemohon mencapai Rp 200.000.000<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan dan Persyaratan<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilik atau pelaku usaha mengurus
sendiri atau melalui kuasa yang dikuasakan ke kantor Dinas Perindustrian
dan Perdagangan setempat untuk mengurus perizinan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil formulir pendaftaran,
mengisi formulir SIUP / PDP bermaterai Rp 6.000 yang ditandatangani oleh
pemilik usaha. Kemudian formulir yang sudah diisi kemudian di fotocopy
sebanyak dua rangkap, yang dilengkapi dengan syarat – syarat berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy akte pendirian usaha atau
badan hukum sebanyak 3 lembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy KTP ( Kartu Tanda Penduduk )
sebanyak 3 lembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy NPWP ( No Pokok Wajib Pajak )
sebanyak 3 lembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy ijin gangguan atau HO sebanyak
3 lembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca perusahaan sebanyak 3 lembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 30.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar denah lokasi tempat usaha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk biaya pembuatan Surat Izin
Usaha Perdagangan ditentukan oleh masing masing daerah melalui peraturan
daerah masing – masing. Karena itu di tiap daerah tarif yang di tentukan
berbeda – beda.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat-syarat SIUP untuk PT, CV,
Koperasi dan PO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perseroan Terbatas (PT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy Akta pendirian berbentuk
Perseroan dari Notaris.<br />
Fotocopy Surat Keputusan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dari Instansi berwenang<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Dirut Utama / Penanggungjawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Surat Izin Tempat Usaha<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy Akta pendirian koperasi yang
mendapatkan pengesahan dari instansi berwenang<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Dirut Utama / Penanggungjawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persekutuan
Comanditer (CV)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy Akta pendirian perusahaan /
akta Notaris yang telah didaftarkan pada Pengadilan Negeri<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Penanggung jawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Surat Izin Tempat Usaha<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perusahaan Perseorangan (PO)<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotocopy SIUP Perusahaan Pusat yang
dilegalisir oleh Pejabat berwenang menerbitkan SIUP tersebut<br />
Fotocopy Akta atau Penunjukkan tentang Pembukaan Kantor Cabang Perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy KTP Penanggung jawab Kantor cabang<br />
Fotocopy TDP Kantor Pusat<br />
Fotocopy HO dari Pemerintah tempat kedudukan Kantor Cabang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh Bentuk SIUP:</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXuacN8TJtddmWize70u8XcuihYoeZg97XTCrRF4Kc_EO8B0KONkDFcSO7-BA8n9YoL2Yx1UbhviUmvrIvXj1SGymcJyEB38u9y40VvijzMhdiyZk6OjEZ_p0dVTFCwUSzt_41oGt0gbk/s1600/siup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXuacN8TJtddmWize70u8XcuihYoeZg97XTCrRF4Kc_EO8B0KONkDFcSO7-BA8n9YoL2Yx1UbhviUmvrIvXj1SGymcJyEB38u9y40VvijzMhdiyZk6OjEZ_p0dVTFCwUSzt_41oGt0gbk/s1600/siup.jpg" height="320" width="213" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat Permohonan Izin Usaha Perdagangan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto;">
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/200199567/Form-Permohonan-Pembuatan-SIUP-Surat-Izin-Usaha-Perdagangan" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="View Form Permohonan Pembuatan SIUP (Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan) on Scribd">Form Permohonan Pembuatan SIUP (Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan)</a></div>
<iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" data-aspect-ratio="undefined" data-auto-height="false" frameborder="0" height="600" id="doc_91144" scrolling="no" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/200199567/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true" width="100%"></iframe>
<br />
Referensi:<br />
<a href="http://www.satulayanan.net/layanan/mendapatkan-izin-usaha-perdagangan-siup/prosedur-surat-izin-usaha-perdagangan" target="_blank">http://www.satulayanan.net/layanan/mendapatkan-izin-usaha-perdagangan-siup/prosedur-surat-izin-usaha-perdagangan</a><br />
<a href="http://blogbintang.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/surat-permohonan-surat-izin-usaha-perdagangan.pdf" target="_blank">http://blogbintang.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/surat-permohonan-surat-izin-usaha-perdagangan.pdf</a><br />
<a href="http://carapedia.com/surat_ijin_usaha_perdagangan_siup_info262.html" target="_blank">http://carapedia.com/surat_ijin_usaha_perdagangan_siup_info262.html</a><br />
<br />fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-28897382512337275682014-01-16T11:47:00.002-08:002014-01-16T22:23:23.116-08:00Prosedur Mendirikan PT (Perseroan Terbatas)<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perseroan Terbatas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<b>PT</b>), dulu disebut juga <b><i>Naamloze
Vennootschhap</i></b> (<b>NV</b>), adalah suatu badan hukum untuk
menjalankan usaha yang memiliki modal terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham-saham</span></a>, yang
pemiliknya memiliki bagian sebanyak saham yang dimilikinya. Karena modalnya
terdiri dari saham-saham yang dapat diperjualbelikan, perubahan kepemilikan
perusahaan dapat dilakukan tanpa perlu membubarkan perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perseroan terbatas merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_usaha" title="Badan usaha"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">badan usaha</span></a> dan
besarnya modal perseroan tercantum dalam anggaran dasar. Kekayaan perusahaan
terpisah dari kekayaan pribadi pemilik perusahaan sehingga memiliki harta
kekayaan sendiri. Setiap orang dapat memiliki lebih dari satu saham yang
menjadi bukti pemilikan perusahaan. Pemilik saham mempunyai tanggung jawab yang
terbatas, yaitu sebanyak saham yang dimiliki. Apabila <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utang" title="Utang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">utang</span></a> perusahaan
melebihi kekayaan perusahaan, maka kelebihan utang tersebut tidak menjadi
tanggung jawab para pemegang saham. Apabila perusahaan mendapat keuntungan maka
keuntungan tersebut dibagikan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan. Pemilik
saham akan memperoleh bagian keuntungan yang disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividen" title="Dividen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dividen</span></a>yang
besarnya tergantung pada besar-kecilnya keuntungan yang diperoleh perseroan
terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain berasal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham</span></a>, modal PT dapat pula
berasal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligasi" title="Obligasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">obligasi</span></a>. Keuntungan yang diperoleh para pemilik obligasi
adalah mereka mendapatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bunga</span></a> tetap tanpa menghiraukan untung atau ruginya
perseroan terbatas tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat umum pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi
KTP para pemegang saham dan pengurus, minimal 2 orang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi
KK penanggung jawab / Direktur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nomor
NPWP Penanggung jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pas
foto penanggung jawab ukuran 3X4 (2 lembar berwarna)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi
PBB tahun terakhir sesuai domisili perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fotokopi
surat kontrak/sewa kantor atau bukti kepemilikan tempat usaha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surat
keterangan domisili dari pengelola gedung jika berdomisili di Gedung
Perkantoran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surat
keterangan RT/RW (jika dibutuhkan, untuk perusahaan yang berdomisili di
lingkungan perumahan) khusus luar Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kantor
berada di wilayah perkantoran/plaza, atau ruko, atau tidak berada di wilayah
pemukiman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siap
disurvei<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat pendirian PT secara formal berdasarkan UU No. 40/2007
adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendiri
minimal 2 orang atau lebih (pasal 7 ayat 1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akta
Notaris yang berbahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap
pendiri harus mengambil bagian atas saham, kecuali dalam rangka peleburan
(pasal 7 ayat 2 dan ayat 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akta
pendirian harus disahkan oleh Menteri kehakiman dan diumumkan dalam BNRI (ps. 7
ayat 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modal
dasar minimal Rp. 50 juta dan modal disetor minimal 25% dari modal dasar (pasal
32 dan pasal 33)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minimal
1 orang direktur dan 1 orang komisaris (pasal 92 ayat 3 & pasal 108 ayat 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemegang
saham harus WNI atau badan hukum yang didirikan menurut hukum Indonesia,
kecuali PT. PMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mendirikan PT, harus dengan menggunakan akta resmi
(akta yang dibuat oleh notaris) yang di dalamnya dicantumkan nama lain dari
perseroan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terbatas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Terbatas (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terbatas</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal" title="Modal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">modal</span></a>, bidang usaha,
alamat<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan" title="Perusahaan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perusahaan</span></a>,
dan lain-lain. Akta ini harus disahkan oleh menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia
Republik Indonesia (dahulu Menteri Kehakiman). Untuk mendapat izin dari menteri
kehakiman, harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perseroan
terbatas tidak bertentangan dengan ketertiban umum dan kesusilaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akta
pendirian memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan Undang-Undang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paling
sedikit modal yang ditempatkan dan disetor adalah 25% dari modal dasar. (sesuai
dengan UU No. 1 Tahun 1995 & UU No. 40 Tahun 2007, keduanya tentang
perseroan terbatas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah mendapat pengesahan, dahulu sebelum adanya UU
mengenai Perseroan Terbatas (UU No. 1 tahun 1995) Perseroan Terbatas harus
didaftarkan ke Pengadilan Negeri setempat, tetapi setelah berlakunya UU No. 1
tahun 1995 tersebut, maka akta pendirian tersebut harus didaftarkan ke Kantor
Pendaftaran Perusahaan (sesuai UU Wajib Daftar Perusahaan tahun 1982) (dengan
kata lain tidak perlu lagi didaftarkan ke Pengadilan negeri, dan perkembangan
tetapi selanjutnya sesuai UU No. 40 tahun 2007, kewajiban pendaftaran di Kantor
Pendaftaran Perusahaan tersebut ditiadakan juga. Sedangkan tahapan pengumuman
dalam Berita Negara Republik Indonesia (BNRI) tetap berlaku, hanya yang pada
saat UU No. 1 tahun 1995 berlaku pengumuman tersebut merupakan kewajiban
Direksi PT yang bersangkutan tetapi sesuai dengan UU No. 40 tahun 2007 diubah
menjadi merupakan kewenangan/kewajiban Menteri Hukum dan HAM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah tahap tersebut dilalui maka perseroan telah sah
sebagai badan hukum dan perseroan terbatas menjadi dirinya sendiri serta dapat
melakukan perjanjian-perjanjian dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kekayaan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kekayaan</span></a> perseroan
terpisah dari kekayaan pemiliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal" title="Modal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Modal</span></a> dasar
perseroan adalah jumlah modal yang dicantumkan dalam akta pendirian sampai
jumlah maksimal bila seluruh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham</span></a> dikeluarkan. Selain modal dasar, dalam perseroan
terbatas juga terdapat modal yang ditempatkan, modal yang disetorkan dan modal
bayar. Modal yang ditempatkan merupakan jumlah yang disanggupi untuk
dimasukkan, yang pada waktu pendiriannya merupakan jumlah yang disertakan oleh
para persero <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendiri&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pendiri (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pendiri</span></a>. Modal yang
disetor merupakan modal yang dimasukkan dalam perusahaan. Modal bayar merupakan
modal yang diwujudkan dalam jumlah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang" title="Uang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uang</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilamana seseorang akan mendirikan perseroan terbatas, maka
para pendiri, yang biasanya terdiri dari 2 orang atau lebih, melakukan perbuatan
hukum sebagai yang tersebut dibawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama,
para pendiri datang di kantor notaris untuk diminta dibuatkan akta pendirian
Perseroan Terbatas. Yang disebut akta pendirian itu termasuk di dalamnya
anggaran dasar dari Perseroan Terbatas yang bersangkutan. Anggaran dasar ini
sendiri dibuat oleh para pendiri, sebagai hasil musyawarah mereka. Kalau para
pendiri merasa tidak sanggup untuk membuat anggaran dasar tersebut, maka hal
itu dapat diserahkan pelaksanaannya kepada notaris yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua,
setelah pembuatan akta pendirian itu selesai, maka notaris mengirimkan akta
tersebut kepada Kepala Direktorat Perdata, Departemen Kehakiman. Akta pendirian
tersebut juga dapat dibawa sendiri oleh para pendiri untuk minta pengesahan
dari Menteri Kehakiman, tetapi dalam hal ini Kepala Direktorat Perdata tersebut
harus ada surat pengantar dari notaris yang bersangkutan. Kalau penelitian akta
pendirian Perseroan Terbatas itu tidak mengalami kesulitan, maka Kepala
Direktorat Perdata atas nama Menteri Kehakiman mengeluarkan surat keputusan
pengesahan akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas yang bersangkutan. Kalau ada
hal-hal yang harus diubah, maka perubahan itu harus ditetapkan lagi dengan akta
notaris sebagai tambahan akta notaris yang dahulu. Tambahan akta notaris ini
harus mnedapat pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman. Setelah itu ditetapkan
surat keputusan terakhir dari Departemen Kehakiman tentang akta pendirian
Perseroan Terbatas yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga,
para pendiri atau salah seorang atau kuasanya, membawa akta pendirian yang
sudah mendapat pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman beserta surat keputusan
pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman tersebut ke kantor Kepaniteraan Pengadilan
Negeri yang mewilayahi domisili Perseroan Terbatas untuk didaftarkan. Panitera yang
berwenang mengenai hal ini mengeluarkan surat pemberitahuan kepada notaris yang
bersangkutan bahwa akta pendirian PT sudah didaftar pada buku register PT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keempat,
para pendiri membawa akta pendirian PT beserta surat keputusan tentang
pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman, serta pula surat dari Panitera Pengadilan
negeri tentang telah didaftarnya akta pendirian PT tersebut ke kantor
Percetakan Negara, yang menerbitkan Tambahan Berita Negara RI. Sesudah akta
pendirian PT tersebut diumumkan dalam Tambahan Berita Negara RI,maka PT yang
bersangkutan sudah sah menjadi badan hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Referensi:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseroan_terbatas" target="_blank">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseroan_terbatas</a></span></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-37694998284283247242014-01-16T11:41:00.002-08:002014-01-16T11:41:41.994-08:00Bentuk-Bentuk Badan Usaha<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usaha
bisnis dapat dilaksanakan dalam berbagai bentuk. Di Indonesia kita mengenal 3
macam bentuk badan usaha yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1. Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. Badan
Usaha Milik Swasta</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.
Koperasi<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembagian
atas tiga bentuk Badan Usaha tersebut bersumber dari Undang – Undang 1945
khususnya pasal 33. Dalam pasal tersebut terutang adanya Konsep Demokrasi
Ekonomi bagi perekonomian Negara. Di mana dalam Konsep Demokrasi Ekonomi ini
terdapat adanya kebebasan berusaha bagi seluruh warga negaranya dengan batas –
batas tertentu. Hal ini berati bahwa segenap warga negara Republik Indonesia
diberikan kebebasan dalam menjalankan untuk kegiatan bisnisnya. Hanya saja
kebebasan itu tidaklah tak ada batasnya, akan tetapi kebebasan tersebut ada
batasanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
batas – batas tertentu itu meliputi dua macam jenis usaha, dimana tehadap kedua
jenis usaha ini pihak swasta dibatasi gerak usahanya. Kedua jenis usaha itu
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Jenis – jenis usaha yang VITAL yaitu usaha – usaha yang memiliki peranan yang
sangat penting bagi perekonomian negara. Misalnya saja : minyak dan gas bumi,
baja, hasil pertambngan, dan sebgainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Jenis – jenis usaha yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak. Misalnya saja :
usaha<br />
perlistrikan, air minum. Kereta api, pos dan telekomunikasi dan sebagainya.
Terhadap kedua jenis usaha tersebut pengusahaannya dibatasi yaitu bahwa usaha –
usaha ini hanya boleh dikelola Negara.<a href="" name="more"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">1. Badan Usaha Milik Negara
(BUMN)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BUMN
adalah semua perusahaan dalam bentuk apapun dan bergerak dalam bidang usaha
apapun yang sebagian atau seluruh modalnya merupakan kekayaan Negara, kecuali
jika ditentukan lain berdasarkan Undang-undang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BUMN
adalah bentuk bentuk badan hukum yang tunduk pada segala macam hukum di
Indonesia. Karena perusahaan ini milik negara, maka tujuan utamanya
adalahvmembanguun ekonomi sosial menuju beberapa bentuk perusahaan pemerintah,
baik pusat maupun daerah.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciri-ciri
utama BUMN adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Tujuan utama usahanya adalah melayani kepentingan umum sekaligus mencari
keuntungan.<br />
• Berstatus badan hukum dan diatur berdasarkan Undang-undang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Pada umumnya bergerak pada bidang jasa-jasa vital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Mempunyai nama dan kekayaan serta bebas bergerak untuk mengikat suatu
perjanjian, kontrak serta hubungan-hubungan dengan pihak lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Dapat dituntut dan menuntut, sesuai dengan ayat dan pasal dalam hukum perdata.<br />
• Seluruh atau sebagian modal milik negara serta dapat memperoleh dana dari
pinjaman dalam dan luar negeri atau dari masyarakat dalam bentuk obligasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Setiap tahun perusahaan menyusun laporan tahunan yang memuat neraca dan laporan
rugi laba untuk disampaikan kepada yang berkepentingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BUMN
digolongkan menjadi 3 jenis yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan
ini bertujuan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dan bukan semata-mata mencari
keuntungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Perusahaan Umum (Perum)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahan
ini seluruh modalnya diperoleh dari negara. Perum bertujuan untuk melayani
masyarakat dan mencari keuntungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan
ini modalnya terdiri atas saham-saham. Sebagian sahamnya dimiliki oleh negara
dan sebagian lagi dimilik oleh pihak swasta dan luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2. Badan Usaha Milik Swasta</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
badan usaha ini adalah badan usaha yang pemiliknya sepenuhnya berada ditangan
individu atau swasta. Yang bertujuan untuk mencari keuntungan sehingga ukuran
keberhasilannyajuga dari banyaknyakeuntungan yang diperoleh dari hasil
usahanya. Perusahaan ini sebenarnya tidakalah selalu bermotif mencari
keuntungan semata tetapi ada juga yang tidak bermotif mencari keuntungan.
Contoh : perusahan swasta yang bermotif nir-laba yaitu Rumah Sakit, Sekolahan,
Akademik, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
badan usaha ini dapat dibagi kedalam beberapa macam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Perseorangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
ini merupakan bentuk yang pertama kali muncul di bidang bisnis yang paling
sederhana, dimana dalam hal ini tidak terdapat pembedaan pemilikan antara hal
milik pribadi dengan milik perusahaan. Harta benda yang merupakan kekayaan
pribadi sekaligus juga merupakan kekayaan perusahaan yang setiap saat harus
menanggung utang – utang dari perusahaan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
badan usaha semacam ini pada umumnya terjadi pada perusahaan – perusahaan
kecil, misalnya bengkel kecil, toko pengecer kecil, kerajinan, serta jasa dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
– keuntungan dari bentuk Perseorangan ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Penguasaan sepenuhnya terhadap keuntungan yang diperoleh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Motivasi usaha yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Penanganan aspek hukum yang minimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan
– kekurangan dari bentuk Perseorangan ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mengandung tanggung jawab keuangan tak terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Keterbatasan kemampuan keuangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Keterbatasan manajerial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Kontinuitas kerja karyawan terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Firma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
ini merupakan perserikatan atau kongsi ataupun persatuan dari beberapa
pengusaha swasta menjadi satu kesatuan usaha bersama. Perusahaan ini dimiliki
oleh beberapa orang dan pimpin atau dikelola oleh beberapa orang pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
perserikatan ini adalahuntuk menjadikan usahanya menjadi lebih besar dan lebih
kuat dalam permodalannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
ini memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan yang sama dengan bentuk Perseorangan,
akan tetapi karena Firma ini adalah gabungan dari beberapa usaha perseorangan
maka kontinuitas akan lebih lama, kemampuan permodalannya akan lebih menjadi
besar. Akan tetapi tidak jarang dengan bergabungnya dua orang pengusaha itu
justru mengakibatkan perselisihan yang kadang – kadang usahanya menjadi tak
terkontrol dengan baik karena sering terjadi konflik antar keduanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Perserikatan Komanditer (CV)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
ini banyak dilakukan untuk mempertahankan kebaikan – kebaikan dari bentuk
perseorangan yang memberikan kebebasan dan penguasaan penuh bagi pemiliknya
atas keuntungan yang diperoleh oleh perusahan. Disamping itu untuk
menghilangkan atau mengurangi kejelekan dalam hal keterbatasan modal yang
dimilikinya maka diadakanlah penyertaan modal dari para anggota yang tidak ikut
aktif mengelola bisnisnya, yang hanya menyertakaan modalnya saja dalam bisnis
itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
ini memiliki dua macam anggota yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Anggota aktif (Komanditer Aktif) adalah anggota yang aktif menjalankan usaha
bisnisnya dan menanggung segala utang-utang perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Anggota tidak aktif (Komanditer Diam) adalah anggota yang hanya menyertakan
modalnya saja. Maka dari itu kertabatas modal perusahaan dapat dihindarkan,
sehingga perusahaan akan dapat mencari dan mendapatkan modal yang lebih besar
untuk keperluan bisnisnya. Hal ini merupakan salah satu kebaikan dari bentuk
Perserikatan Komanditer, dibandingkan dengan bentuk – bentuk lain yang sudah
dibicarakan diatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.
Perseroan Terbartas (PT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perseroan
Terbatas merupakan bentuk yang banyak dipilih, terutama untuk bisnis – bisnis
yang besar. Bentuk ini memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat luas untuk
menyertakan modalnya kedalam bisnis tersebut dengan cara membeli saham yang
dikeluarkan oleh Perusahaan itu. Dengan membeli saham suatu perusahaan
masyarakat akan menjadi ikut serta memiliki perusahaan itu atau dengan kata
lain mereka menjadi Pemilik Perusahaan tersebut. Atas pemilikan saham itu maka
mereka para pemegng saham itu lalu berhak memperoleh pembagian laba atau
Deviden dari perusahaan tersebut. Para pemegang saham itu mempunyai tanggung
jawab yang terbatas pada modal yang disertakan itu saja dan tidak ikut
menanggunng utang – utang yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perseroan
Terbatas ini akan menjadi suatu Badan Hukum tersendiri yang berhak melakukan
tindakan – tindakan bisnis terlepas dari pemegang saham. Bentuk ini berbeda
dengan bentuk yang terdahulu yang memiliki tanggung jawab tak terbatas bagi
para pemiliknya, yang artinya para pemilik akan menanggung seluruh utang yang
dilakukan oleh perusahaan. Berarti apabila kekayaan perusahaan maka kekayaan
pribadi dari para pemiliknya ikut menanggung utang tersebut. Dengan semacam itu
tanggung jawab renteng. Lain halnya dengan bentuk PT dimana dalam bentuk ini
tanggung jawab pemilik atau pemegang saham adalah terbatas, yaitu sebatas modal
yang disetorkannya. Kekayaan pribadi pemilik tidak ikut menanggung utang –
utang perusahaan. Oleh karena itu bentuk ini disebut Perseroan Terbatas
(Naamlose Venootschaap/NV).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan-kelebihan
bentuk ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Memiliki masa hidup yang terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Pemisahan kekayaan dan utang – utang pemilik dengan kekayaan dan utang-utang
perusahaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Kemampuan memperoleh modal yang sangat luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Penggunaan manajer yang profesional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Yayasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yayasan
adalah bentuk organisasi wasta yang didirikan untuk tujuan sosial
kemasyarakatanyang tidak berorientasipada keuntungan. Misalnya Yayasan Panti
Asuhan, Yayasan yang mengelola Sekolahan Swasta, Yayasan Penderita Anak Cacat
dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">3. Koperasi</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koperasi
adalah usaha bersama yang memiliki organisasi berdasarkan atas azaz
kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterahkan anggotanya. Dilihat
dari lingkunganyya koperasi dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Koperasi Sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
KUD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Koperasi Konsumsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Koperasi Simpan Pinjam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.
Koperasi Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
koperasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Keanggotaan bersifat suka rela<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Pengelolaan bersifat demokratis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Lembaga Keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
dunia keuangan bertindak selaku lembaga yang menyediakan jasa keuangan bagi
nasabahnya, dimana pada umumnya lembaga ini diatur oleh regulasi keuangan dari
pemerintah. Bentuk umum dari lembaga keuangan ini adalah termasuk perbankan,
building society (sejenis koperasi di Inggris) , Credit Union, pialang saham,
aset manajemen, modal ventura, koperasi, asuransi, dana pensiun, dan bisnis
serupa lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
Indonesia lembaga keuangan ini dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yaitu lembaga keuangan
bank dan lembaga keuangan bukan bank (asuransi, pegadaian, perusahaan
sekuritas, lembaga pembiayaan, dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Bentuk Kerjasama (Gabungan/Ekspansi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Bentuk Penggabungan Perusahaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
Perusahaan yaitu seluruh faktor-faktor yang ada diluar Perusahaan yang dapat
menimbulkan peluang yang lebih atau ancaman terhadap perusahaan tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk-bentuk
Penggabungan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Trust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Trust
merupakan suatu bentuk penggabungan / kerjasama perusahaan secara horisontal
untuk membatasi persaingan, maupun rasionalisasi dalam bidang produksi dan
penjualan. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang ingin melakukan trust menyerahkan
saham-sahamnya kepada Trustee (orang kepercayaan) untuk menerbitkan sertifikat
sahamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Holding Company<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Holding
Company / Perusahaan Induk yaitu perusahaan yang berbentuk Corporation yang
menguasai sebagian besar saham dari beberapa perusahaan lain. Dalam hal ini
status perusahaan lain akan menjadi perusahaan anak dan kebijakan perusahaan
anak akan ditentukan oleh Holding (Induk). Holding Company bisa terbentuk
karena terjadinya penggabungan secara vertikal maupun horisontal. Contoh Astra
International, PT. Dharma Inti Utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Kartel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kartel
adalah bentuk kerjasama perusahaan-perusahaan dengan produksi barang dan jasa
sejenis yang didasarkan perjanjian bersama untuk mengurangi persaingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Sindikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adalah
bentuk perjanjian kerjasama antara beberapa orang untuk melaksanakan suatu
proyek. Sindikasi juga dapat melakukan perjanjian sindikasi untuk memusatkan
penjualan pada satu lokasi tertentu, disebut sindikasi penjualan. Ada juga
sindikasi perbankan (beberapa bank bersindikasi untuk membiayai suatu proyek
yang besar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Concern<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Concern
adalah suatu bentuk penggabungan yang dilakukan baik secara horisontal maupun
vertikal dari sekumpulan perusahaan Holding. Concern dapat muncul sebagai
akibat dari satu perusahaan yang melakukan perluasan usaha secara horisontal
ataupun vertikal melalui pendirian perusahaan baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
concern, penarikan dana untuk anak perusahaan dapat dilakukan melalui induk
perusahaan yang kedudukannya di pasar modal lebih kuat dibandingkan bila anak
perusahaan beroperasi sendiri-sendiri di pasar modal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Joint Venture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
perusahaan baru yang didirikan atas dasar kerjasama antara beberapa perusahaan
yang berdiri sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
utama pembentukan perusahaan joint venture ini adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
komunikasi selular bagi segmen yang sering bepergian untuk menikmati layanan
yang friendly (ramah) dan biaya yang efisien, dimana pelanggan akan merasakan
layanan di luar negeri seperti layanan selular di negara sendiri. Aktivitas
pokok Bridge adalah mengembangkan suatu proses koordinasi regional dimana
seluruh pelanggan dapat menikmati layanan selular regional yang ditawarkan oleh
salah satu operator yang masuk dalam grup Bridge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Trade Association<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu
persekutuan beberapa perusahaan dari suatu cabang perusahaan yang sama dengan
tujuan memajukan para anggotanya dan bukan mencari laba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
APKI (Asosiasi Pengusaha Komputer Indonesia, ASIRI (Asosiasi Industri Rekaman
Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Gentlement’s
Agreement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persetujuan
beberapa produsen dalam daerah penjualan dengan maksud mengurangi persaingan
diantara mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Cara-Cara
Penggabungan / Penyatuan Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Consolidation / Konsolidasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsolidasi
adalah penggabungan beberapa perusahaan yang semula berdiri sendiri-sendiri
menjadi satu perusahaan baru dan perusahaan lama ditutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Merger<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
melakukan merger, suatu perusahaan mengambil alih satu atau beberapa PT
lainnya. PT yang diambil alih tersebut dibubarkan dan modalnya menjadi modal PT
yang mengambil alih. Para pemegang saham PT yang dibubarkan menjadi pemegang
saham PT yang mengambil alih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Aliansi Strategi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aliansi
Strategi adalah kerja sama antara dua atau lebih perusahaan dalam rangka
menyatukan keunggulan yang mereka miliki untuk menghadapi tantangan pasar
dengan catatan kedua perusahaan tetap berdiri sendiri-sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: PT. A yang bergerak dalam bidang properti melakukan aliansi strategi dengan
PT. B yang mempunyai keunggulan dalam peralatan untuk membangun
konstruksi.Telkomsel melakukan aliansi strategis dengan enam operator selular
di Asia Pasifik telah menandatangi kesepakatan pembentukan perusahaan joint
venture yang dinamakan Bridge Mobile Alliance (Bridge).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Akuisisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akuisisi
adalah pengambil alihan sebagian saham perusahaan oleh perusahaan lain dan
perusahaan yang mengambil alih menjadi holding sedangkan perusahaan yang
diambil alih menjadi anak perusahaan dan tetap beroperasi seperti sendiri tanpa
penggantian nama dan kegiatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akuisisi
sering digunakan untuk menjaga ketersediaan pasokan bahan baku atau jaminan
produk akan diserap oleh pasar. Contoh : Aqua diakuisisi oleh Danone, Pizza Hut
oleh Coca-Cola, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://iqbalhawari.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/bentuk-bentuk-badann-usaha/" target="_blank">http://iqbalhawari.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/bentuk-bentuk-badann-usaha/</a></span></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-13137240385600901032013-11-26T12:34:00.000-08:002013-11-26T12:34:28.231-08:00Pendeteksi Tepi Citra Dengan Metode Canny Menggunakan OpenCV<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penjelasan
Umum:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 6.5pt; margin-right: 4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">M<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode
<i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tion<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mua<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntuk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>li
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">-</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>but.
Tuju<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>ni <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>im<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>na<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">b</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>di
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m
<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
dik<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>li d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>dis<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntukn<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntuk
s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>lum<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>M<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><i>Canny
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tion </i>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>up<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tio<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">n</span></i>. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>os<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dur<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>pk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">-</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><i>Canny
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tion<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>silk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mpil<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mp<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>lk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">efe</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>f
did<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>E<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fe</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>diuki<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>,
<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">i</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntuk s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>obj<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k di d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mn<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .45pt;"> </span>E<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">fe</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">re</span>li<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>f<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntuk d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dua
b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.2pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: 1.9pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kib<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">s</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>ot<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>sin<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.95pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ntu.<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bih<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>i m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">i</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mpu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>noise s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>lum<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>hitung<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi
s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>hing<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi <span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>dih<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>silk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bih b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>k.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 6.5pt; margin-right: 4.2pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">T<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dg<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span></i>)
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>il<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>int<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsit<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">era</span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ea</span>bu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>tib<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">t</span>iba<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">(</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>) d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>j<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>sin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>Tuju<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ndi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>untuk
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>lompokk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>obj<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">-</span>obj<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>k
d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>untuk
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lisis<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>it<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bih
l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>njut.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Ada<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>itma<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>ng
di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">p</span>i,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nt<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ara</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi
C<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>y
<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">(</span><i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">C</span>anny<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Edge d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tio<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">)</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 6.5pt; margin-right: 4.35pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Canny<span style="letter-spacing: 1.0pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dge<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>tor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">dik<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">o</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>John<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">F</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: 1.1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>hun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>1986<span style="letter-spacing: 1.05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">gg</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>itma<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">u</span>lti<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>untuk<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ar</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">W</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>upun<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>but<span style="letter-spacing: 1.6pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>umur<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ukup<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mun m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>but<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h
m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nj<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>di m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tode<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ksi t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pi
st<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nd<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n m<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sih
dip<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>lit<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 6.5pt; margin-right: 4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 4.3pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-themecolor: text1;">Algoritma</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Algoritma
<i>canny edge detection</i> secara umum (detilnya tidak baku atau bisa
divariasikan) beroperasi sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghalusan untuk mengurangi
dampak <i>noise</i> terhadap pendeteksian <i>edge</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghitung potensi gradien
citra</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">non-maximal supression</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari gradien citra untuk
melokalisasi <i>edge</i> secara presisi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hysteresis thresholding</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk melakukan klasifikasi
akhir</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penghalusan citra</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biasanya
teknik yang digunakan pada tahap ini adalah <a href="http://pebbie.wordpress.com/2009/12/25/implementasi-gaussian-blur/"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gaussian Blur</span></a>. Proses <i>Gaussian Blur</i> dapat dilakukan
terhadap citra secara keseluruhan (hasil akhir berupa 1 citra baru), atau
dilakukan terpisah (hasil akhir berupa dua buah citra yaitu <i>blur</i>
horizontal dan vertikal). Hasil dari <i>gaussian blur</i> akan digunakan dalam
langkah selanjutnya yaitu menentukan potensi gradien citra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menghitung potensi gradien citra</span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gradien
merupakan operator yang paling mendekati definisi dari sebuah <i>edge</i>. Oleh
sebab itu dalam kuliah pengolahan citra, operator berbasis turunan menjadi
materi pengantar. Ada dua buah operator yang akan saya sebutkan dalam tulisan
ini yaitu operator Sobel dan Kirsch (silakan cari sendiri deskripsi kedua
operator ini <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt=";)" border="0" height="15" src="file:///C:\Users\rezroot\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="15" /></span>). Kedua operator ini
mewakili dua buah pendekatan yang memiliki landasan ide yang berbeda dalam
menghitung gradien.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada
langkah menghitung potensi gradien citra ada dua buah informasi yang dibutuhkan
yaitu <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kekuatan <i>edge</i></span> (<i>edge
strength/magnitude</i>), dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arah <i>edge</i></span>
(<i>edge direction/orientation</i>). Operator sobel memanfaatkan dua buah <i>template
edge</i> pada dua arah tegak lurus (horizontal dan vertikal) dan menghitung
arah <i>edge</i> dari <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arctangent</span>
kedua nilai tersebut. Lain halnya dengan operator Kirsch yang menggunakan <i>template</i>
sebanyak delapan yang mewakili 8 arah sehingga orientasi <i>edge</i> dapat
ditunjukkan oleh template dengan respon magnitudo terbesar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Non-maximal Supression</span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil
penerapan operator gradien untuk menghitung potensi gradien di tahap sebelumnya
tidak memberi informasi secara spesifik tentang lokasi dari <i>edge</i> yang
dicari. Alternatifnya adalah menggunakan operator <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">zero-crossing</span></i> yang digunakan oleh algoritma deteksi <i>Marr-Hildreth</i>.
<i>Non-maximal supression</i> bertujuan membuang potensi gradien di suatu
piksel dari kandidat <i>edge</i> jika piksel tersebut bukan merupakan maksimal
lokal pada arah <i>edge</i> di posisi piksel tersebut (di sinilah arah gradien
diperlukan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hysteresis thresholding</span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil
dari langkah <i>non-maximal suppression</i> adalah citra yang berisi kandidat <i>edge</i>
serta intensitas dari kekuatan edge di posisi piksel tersebut. Langkah terakhir
adalah <i>thresholding</i> atau klasifikasi tiap piksel apakah termasuk dalam
kategori piksel <i>edge</i> atau tidak. Pada tahap ini bisa saja menggunakan <i>threshold</i>
yang berdasarkan pada satu nilai tertentu. Namun pemilihan <i>threshold</i>
yang hanya menggunakan satu nilai ini memiliki keterbatasan yaitu adanya
kemungkinan piksel yang hilang padahal sebetulnya meruapakan piksel <i>edge</i>
(<i>false-negative</i>) ataupun dimasukkannya piksel yang sebetulnya merupakan <i>noise</i>
sebagai piksel <i>edge</i> (<i>false-positive</i>). Oleh sebab itu dalam
melakukan klasifikasi tidak hanya diperlukan intensitas dari kekuatan edge
sebagai pertimbangan namun juga topologi (keterhubungan antar-piksel) lokal
dari piksel tersebut.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span>
</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sederhananya
<i>hysteresis thresholding</i> adalah klasifikasi dengan dua buah nilai
High-threshold dan Low-Threshold. suatu piksel disahkan sebagai piksel <i>edge</i>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jika</span> nilainya lebih besar atau
sama dengan High-Threshold (<i>thresholding</i> umum) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">atau</span> (di sini kaidah tambahannya) jika piksel tersebut memiliki
intensitas kekuatan edge yang lebih besar dari Low-Threshold dan terhubung
dengan piksel yang nilainya lebih besar dari High-Threshold. Untuk menentukan
keterhubungan suatu piksel dengan piksel lainnya digunakan teknik yang
dinamakan <i>edge-linking</i> yang pada dasarnya sama dengan <i>flood-fill</i></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Instalasi
Software</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lam p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mbuat<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>si pen<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span>ola<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>, <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s meng<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>gk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k
b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. Mi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>roso<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>t
Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">C</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">+</span>+<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>roso<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">+</span>+<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lah<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>softw<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>digunak<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>omp<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>le<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>Comp<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ler
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lah
p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lu<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>ub<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>so<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">c</span>e<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mrog<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>man<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>(d<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>sus<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mr<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ra</span>man<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>C<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">+</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">+</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>jadi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ve <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span>e / b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>sa<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>mesin<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">(</span>file<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>tabl<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>)<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>dieks<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>kusi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>kompu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>Mi<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>roso<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.35pt;"> </span>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">+</span>+ ini<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>dibuat
oleh p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rus<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">aa</span>n M<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>roso<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>t.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2. Op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nCV </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nCV<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">(</span>Op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>Comp<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">u</span>ter Vision)<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rup<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ma<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ca</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">r</span>y<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m
membu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: .35pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rk<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span>puter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>vis<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>on.
<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nCV <span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>ju<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>dia<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>fu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>sionalitas,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng tentu<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>memp<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rsin<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>w<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ktu<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lam<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mb<span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tan<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si
<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>lu<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>n
rumit.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Instalasi Microsoft Visual Studio 2008</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ad<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>pun
la<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>la<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>ins<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lasi MS<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>tu<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">d</span>io
2008 s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i be<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>iku<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masukk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">V</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>softw<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ar</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>MS<span style="letter-spacing: 2.1pt;"> </span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">S</span>tud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>2<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">0</span>08<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lam<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">V</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: 2.0pt;"> </span>Room<span style="letter-spacing: 2.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>C<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">/</span>laptop
And<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>muncul
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>uto <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>run <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>CD. <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">J</span>ika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>muncul <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>file
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tup.e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tau<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> j<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nda mendo<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">w</span>nload<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>softw<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>MS<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> S</span>tud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>lan<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tup<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 128.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ih<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>menu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tas<span style="letter-spacing: 1.8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>"Install<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>Visu<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span>tud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>20<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">0</span>8<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">"</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>lalu<span style="letter-spacing: 1.55pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tung<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span>ulah<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>hi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>ssbar<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>les<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>loadi<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">i</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>muncul<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>bol<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">"</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">N</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span>t"<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>mud<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k to<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>bol
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">"</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span>t"<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>di at<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>K<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nul<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>me<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">un</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nsi<span style="letter-spacing: 1.45pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>dised<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>oleh<span style="letter-spacing: 1.25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ntor<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>tem<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: 1.3pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span>ma<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>a
s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">eca</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>oto<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>od<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">u</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>y number<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>is<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">J</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>lupa<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>pi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ih<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>"I<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>h<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">v</span>e<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>d<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nd
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ac</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>pt<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ce</span>nse<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>te<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>ms"<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">
</span>lalu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k to<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>bol <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">"</span>N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span>t"</span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> 6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">P</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ih<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>fitur<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">"</span>D<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ul<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>"<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>suai<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">e</span>komen<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>si<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span>tem.<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>Jika,<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>tampi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span>Anda<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>sudah<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>suai d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ng<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>m<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">b</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>di<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>tas.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">S</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>bol<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"> </span>"<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>nst<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>" </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>ni<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: 2.75pt;"> </span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>oses<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>ins<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lasi<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>omponen,<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>tung<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>ulah<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>r<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">a</span>pa<span style="letter-spacing: 2.7pt;"> </span>menit<span style="letter-spacing: 2.65pt;"> </span>hi<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">r</span>oses<span style="letter-spacing: 2.6pt;"> </span>b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .3pt;">r</span>- b<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>r s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">esai</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;"></span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">I</span>nsta<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">l</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>lah
s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>les<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
maka<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k to<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span>bol <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">"F</span>in<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">"</span>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Instalasi OpenCV</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Do<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">w</span>nload t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rl<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>bih
d<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">a</span>hulu so<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">f</span>tw<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>re<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span>O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nCv 2.4.6</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tel<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>les<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>dow<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>load<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>ki<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .65pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .8pt;"> </span>muncul<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>jend<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>la<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>ins<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>lasi<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>kl<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .85pt;"> </span>s<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ja<span style="letter-spacing: .7pt;"> </span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">x</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span>ma<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>a
ki<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
a</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n masuk ke<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span>ros<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>s ekst<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>k,
se<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>rti
g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>mbar<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>diba<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">wa</span>h ini<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 149%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tung<span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">g</span>u sam<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i pros<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s
e<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">k</span>str<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ksi <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>les<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>i
<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">m</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ka<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">e</span>nCV sudah t<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>rinstall dan<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t
di<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>un<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Konfigurasi
Pengaturan OpenCV Pada Visual Studio</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. Untuk mel<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n kon<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">f</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>u<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ra</span>si <span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>da<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>O<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>nCv
ki<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>bisa mel<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>kuk<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">y</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span>g<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>n
masuk ke<span style="letter-spacing: .25pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">F</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>e</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">> N<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>w<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">j</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>t</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tel<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u
pi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>ih<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b>Wi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">3</span>2 Console <span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">A</span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">pp</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">t</span>ion</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">B</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>ri <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>ma
Deteksi_tepi <span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">(</span>ini<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>d<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>p<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>t d<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>nti<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span>sesu<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">k</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>)</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4. <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>tel<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>h i<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>u
ki<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">
</span>setting<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>je<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>t
<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">D</span>i<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">ec</span>t<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">o</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>ies</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">K</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">i</span>k<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> k</span>a<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span>an<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">jec</span>t><span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">></span>P<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span>o<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">p</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">er</span>ti<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>s
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 151%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Klik <b>Tools<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>>
O<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">p</span>tions<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">-</span>> <span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">P</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">r</span><span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">o</span>je<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>ts
and<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;"> S</span>ol<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">u</span>tio<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">n</span>s<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">-</span>>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">:</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">\op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cv</span>\bui<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>d\<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">x</span>86\<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">vc</span>9<span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">\</span>lib</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">n</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>l<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">ud</span>e</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">:</span></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">\op<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">e</span>n<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">cv</span>\bui<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">l</span>d\include</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Logika
Program:</span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include
"stdafx.h"</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include
"cv.h"</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include
"highgui.h"</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perintah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>include<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diatas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>prepocessor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>melampirkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>file header</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int
high_switch_value = 0;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int
highInt = 0;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int
low_switch_value = 0;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int
lowInt = 0;</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk mendeklarasikan variabel dengan tipe
integer.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">void
switch_callback_h( int position ){</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highInt
= position;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">void
switch_callback_l( int position ){</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowInt
= position;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk mendeklarasikan fungsi deteksi tepi
yang dimana posisinya dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu low dan high</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage*
img = cvLoadImage( "rame.jpg", 0 ); //nama gambar adalah rame.jpg</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage*
img_b = cvCreateImage( cvSize(img->width+N-1,img->height+N-1),
img->depth, img->nChannels );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage*
out = cvCreateImage( cvGetSize(img_b), IPL_DEPTH_8U, img_b->nChannels );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk menyisipkan gambar yang akan diproses
deteksi tepinya dengan nama rame.jpg</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CvPoint
offset = cvPoint((N-1)/2,(N-1)/2);</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCopyMakeBorder(img,
img_b, offset, IPL_BORDER_REPLICATE, cvScalarAll(0));</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk menambahkan garis border</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvNamedWindow(
name, 1 );</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk membuat sebuah window</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int
aperature_size = N;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">double
lowThresh = 20;</span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">double
highThresh = 40;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendeklasian variable ukuran aperature dimana
untuk low adalah 20 dan high 40</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCreateTrackbar(
"High", name, &high_switch_value, 4, switch_callback_h );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCreateTrackbar(
"Low", name, &low_switch_value, 4, switch_callback_l );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">while(
1 ) {</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">switch(
highInt ){</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
0:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh
= 200;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
1:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh
= 400;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
2:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh
= 600;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
3:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh
= 800;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
4:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh
= 1000;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">switch(
lowInt ){</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
0:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh
= 0;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
1:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh
= 100;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
2:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh
= 200;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
3:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh
= 400;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case
4:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh
= 600;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Untuk membuat sebuah trackbars dimana
terdapat 4 pilihan deteksi tepi pada settingan low dan high</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCanny(
img_b, out, lowThresh*N*N, highThresh*N*N, aperature_size );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvShowImage(name,
out);</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">if(
cvWaitKey( 15 ) == 27 )</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perintah diatas sebagai proses deteksi tepi
menggunakan canny tranformation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage(
&img );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage(
&img_b );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage(
&out );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvDestroyWindow(
name );</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">return
0;</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Program telah selesai dan siap melepas
resourcenya</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Listing
Program:</span></b></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include "stdafx.h"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include "cv.h"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">#include "highgui.h"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int high_switch_value = 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int highInt = 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int low_switch_value = 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int lowInt = 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">void switch_callback_h( int position ){</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highInt = position;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">void switch_callback_l( int position ){</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowInt = position;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">{</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">const char* name = "Edge Detection
Window";</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// ukuran kernel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int N = 7;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Set up images</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage* img = cvLoadImage(
"rame.jpg", 0 ); //nama gambar adalah rame.jpg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage* img_b = cvCreateImage(
cvSize(img->width+N-1,img->height+N-1), img->depth, img->nChannels
);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">IplImage* out = cvCreateImage(
cvGetSize(img_b), IPL_DEPTH_8U, img_b->nChannels );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// menambahkan garis border</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CvPoint offset = cvPoint((N-1)/2,(N-1)/2);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCopyMakeBorder(img, img_b, offset,
IPL_BORDER_REPLICATE, cvScalarAll(0));</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Membuat Window</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvNamedWindow( name, 1 );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Variable</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">int aperature_size = N;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">double lowThresh = 20;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">double highThresh = 40;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Membuat trackbars</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCreateTrackbar( "High", name,
&high_switch_value, 4, switch_callback_h );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCreateTrackbar( "Low", name,
&low_switch_value, 4, switch_callback_l );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">while( 1 ) {</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">switch( highInt ){</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 0:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh = 200;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 1:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh = 400;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 2:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh = 600;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 3:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh = 800;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 4:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">highThresh = 1000;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">switch( lowInt ){</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 0:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh = 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 1:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh = 100;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 2:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh = 200;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 3:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh = 400</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">case 4:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">lowThresh = 600;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Proses deteksi tepi menggunakan canny
tranformation</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvCanny( img_b, out, lowThresh*N*N,
highThresh*N*N, aperature_size );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvShowImage(name, out);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">if( cvWaitKey( 15 ) == 27 )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">break;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">// Program selesai dan melepas resource</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage( &img );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage( &img_b );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvReleaseImage( &out )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">cvDestroyWindow( name );</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">return 0;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">}</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Output:</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTLleVFnWNSIZeLHS_N4cdSRwC5qKYruniOVMvEUVfziEI-auvCCxLWVeoeKZzAEWHTJivwFGmUMZsjP6hb6rC2B95h5yV1mlQP2yYA6U5pkYDWzzNYu83v_B7-tESlguN7LbTBOjyFio/s1600/o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTLleVFnWNSIZeLHS_N4cdSRwC5qKYruniOVMvEUVfziEI-auvCCxLWVeoeKZzAEWHTJivwFGmUMZsjP6hb6rC2B95h5yV1mlQP2yYA6U5pkYDWzzNYu83v_B7-tESlguN7LbTBOjyFio/s320/o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penyusun:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ABIMANYU RIO Y. (4IA03)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">FITRA REZA (4IA03) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Versi Lengkapnya <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/187357496/Pendeteksi-Tepi-Citra-Dengan-Metode-Canny-Menggunakan-OpenCV" target="_blank">disini</a></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Referensi:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://pebbie.wordpress.com/">http://pebbie.wordpress.com/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://dosen.publikasistmikibbi.lppm.org/">http://dosen.publikasistmikibbi.lppm.org</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0462c1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="http://www.tenouk.com/installusevisualstudio2008.html"><span style="color: #0462c1;">ht<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>p:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span>/ww<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">w</span>.tenouk.<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>om<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<u><span style="color: #0462c1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="http://adhit8.blogspot.com/">ht<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>p:<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">//</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">a</span>dhi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">t</span>8.blo<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">g</span>spot.<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">c</span>om<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">/</span></a></span></u></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-64460827735351671572013-11-14T17:26:00.003-08:002013-11-14T20:04:58.854-08:00Tools Forensik<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tool yang dipergunakan oleh ahli forensik harus bekerja baik dan tidak
mengubah data. Di samping itu, komunitas komputer forensik harus
menerima tool dan hasilnya. Tool kit untuk pengujian forensik
memungkinkan untuk mengumpulkan dan analisis data, seperti tcpdump,
Argus, NFR, tcpwrapper, sniffer, nstat, tripwire, diskcopy (/v pada
DOS), DD pada Unix. Karena ahli hukum percaya bit lebih mudah dipalsukan
daripada kertas, maka aturan utamanya adalah “preserve then examine”. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.31in; margin-top: 5.76pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">Contoh</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dari</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">aplikasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">dapat</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">digunakan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dalam</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">komputer</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">forensik</span><span style="color: #262626;">, </span><span style="color: #262626;">yaitu</span><span style="color: #262626;"> :</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">Encase
www.guidancesoftware.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">Forensics
toolkit www.accessdata.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">LoPe</span><span style="color: #262626;">
www.evidencetalks.com</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">Forager www.inforenz.com/software/forager.html</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">X-Ways
Forensics www. x-ways.net/forensic/index-m.html</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626;">
</span></span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #44709d;"></span><span style="color: #262626;">SC Magazine </span><span style="color: #262626;">merekomendasikan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">DriveSpy</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">EnCAse</span><span style="color: #262626;"> ;</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #44709d;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">DriveSpy</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">beroperasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">pada</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> DOS </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">memberikan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">semua</span><span style="color: #262626;"> tool yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">diperlukan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">melakukan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">eksplorasi</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">suatu</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> media</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">menemukan</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> data yang </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">relevan</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #44709d;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">EnCASE</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">memiliki</span><span style="color: #262626;"> GUI yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">menarik</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">beroperasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">pada</span><span style="color: #262626;"> image </span><span style="color: #262626;">ketimbang</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">bukti</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">asli</span><span style="color: #262626;">. </span><span style="color: #262626;">EnCase</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">juga</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">mengikutsertakan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">fungsi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">pembangkitan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">laporan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">suatu</span><span style="color: #262626;"> feature yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">sangat</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">berguna</span><span style="color: #262626;"> yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">mendukung</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">bahasa</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">pemrograman</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">bernama</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">Escript</span><span style="color: #262626;">.</span><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">EnCase</span><span style="color: #262626;">, </span><span style="color: #262626;">dari</span><span style="color: #262626;"> Guidance Software </span><span style="color: #262626;">bisa</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">mengelola</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">melihat</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">semua</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">bukti</span><span style="color: #262626;">. </span><span style="color: #262626;">Terdapat</span><span style="color: #262626;"> feature </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">mencatat</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">siapa</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> yang </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">bekerja</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">kapan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dengan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> data. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #44709d;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">SafeBack</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dari</span><span style="color: #262626;"> New
Technologies, Inc </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">memelihara</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">barang</span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-weight: bold;">bukti</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dipakai</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">secara</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">khusus</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">oleh</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">pihak</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">penegak</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">hukum</span><span style="color: #262626;"> AS</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Terdapat bermacam vendor perangkat lunak forensik. Paket dari The New Technologies Corporate Evidence Processing Suite menyertakan : </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">CRCND5</span><span style="color: #262626;">: </span><span style="color: #262626;">CRC</span><span style="color: #262626;"> (</span><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;">checksum</span><span style="color: #262626;">) yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">memvalidasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">isi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> file. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">DISKSIG: CRC program yang </span><span style="color: #262626;">memvalidasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> image backup.
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">FILELIST: Tool katalog disk untuk evaluasi komputer
berdasarkan waktu </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">FILTER I: Filter berkecerdasan dengan </span><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;">fuzzy logic</span><span style="color: #262626;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">GETFREE</span><span style="color: #262626;">: Tool </span><span style="color: #262626;">pengumpulan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;">unallocated
data. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">GETSLACK</span><span style="color: #262626;">: Tool </span><span style="color: #262626;">pengumpulan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;">file slack</span><span style="color: #262626;">. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-style: italic;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">GETTIME: Program untuk dokumentasi waktu dan tanggal
sistem sebagai barang bukti</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">NTI</span><span style="color: #262626;">-DOC: Program </span><span style="color: #262626;">dokumentasi</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">merekam</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">atribut</span><span style="color: #262626;">, </span><span style="color: #262626;">tanggal</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">waktu</span><span style="color: #262626;"> file. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">SEIZED: Program untuk mengunci dan mengamankan
komputer</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">SHOWFL: Program untuk analisa keluaran daftar file </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #262626;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: #83992a;">•</span><span style="color: #262626;">Text Search Plus: Utility </span><span style="color: #262626;">pencarian</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">teks</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">untuk</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">menentukan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">letak</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">kata</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">kunci</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dari</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">teks</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">dan</span><span style="color: #262626;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">grafik</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">Meski</span><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="color: black;">terdapat</span><span style="color: black;"> program </span><span style="color: black;">khusus</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">forensik</span><span style="color: black;"> yang </span><span style="color: black;">tersedia</span><span style="color: black;">, program </span><span style="color: black;">seperti</span><span style="color: black;"> MS-DOS </span><span style="color: black;">bisa</span><span style="color: black;">
</span><span style="color: black;">merupakan</span><span style="color: black;"> tool </span><span style="color: black;">forensik</span><span style="color: black;"> yang </span><span style="color: black;">berguna</span><span style="color: black;">. </span><span style="color: black;">Misal</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">perintah</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">•<span style="color: black;">DISKCOPY,
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">•<span style="color: black;">DEBUG,
</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">•<span style="color: black;">UNDELETE,
</span><span style="color: black;">dan</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">•<span style="color: black;">UNFORMAT. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Untuk penjelasannya selanjutnya oleh Abimanyu Rio Y <a href="http://abimanyurioyulianto.blogspot.com/2013/11/disk-image.html" target="_blank">link blog</a> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Referensi:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/" target="_blank">www.scribd.com</a> </span></span>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-44666636258504080302013-11-03T00:57:00.002-07:002013-11-04T19:26:28.202-08:00Tugas Softskill pertemuan 2 (kelompok)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Tugas Softskill pertemuan 2 (kelompok)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Anggota: Abimanyu Rio Y.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> Adam Ramadhan Junior</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> Danniel A.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> Fitra Reza</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> Hanif Ontorizarwin</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<h1 class="title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">Strategi Mendapatkan Proyek melalui Tender</span></span></span>
</h1>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Bagaimana cara agar mendapatkan proyek TI melalui tender? ?</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
"Banyak jalan menuju roma" yaa mungkin pribahasa ini dapat menjadi gambaran<br />
jika ingin mendapatkan proyek.. banyak hal dan koneksi bila ingin lancar
mendapatkan proyek, hehe tapi yang jelas saya akan memberikan gambaran
cara strategi mendapatkan proyek TI dengan jalan yang lurus..</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
hal yang harus disiapkan adalah harus terlebih dahulu CV perusahaan yang
ingin mengikuti tender karena peraturan pemerintah mensyaratkan peserta
tender harus berbentuk badan hukum dan bukan perorangan.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
mensiapkan berbagai macam dokumen syarat tender, serperti nomor pokok
wajib pajak (NPWP), surat izin perusaha perdagangan (SIUP), surat
keterangan domisili perusahaan (SKDP) dan dokumen lainnya yang menjadi
syarat tertentu pada pengumuman lelang.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
mencari sebanyak banyaknya info tentang tender yang ingin diikuti
biasanya terdapat di koran, website, atau LPSE yang berfungsi sebagai
lembaga pengadaan lelang secara elektronik dimasing-masing wilayah
kabupaten atau kota di indonesia, informasi tender juga bisa di dapatkan
dari panitia lelang yang mengadakan lelang.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
baca dengan cermat apa saja yang menjadi persyaratan yang harus
disediakan untuk mengikuti lelang tender dan surat-surat pengajuan
tender.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
ikuti dengan disiplin penjadwalan yang telah dibuat oleh panitia tender.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
ikutilah pelelangan tender yang sehat, jangan sekali-kali mengikuti
tender yang sudah diketahui tidak sehat karena akan sia-sia saja jika
tidak ada 'link'</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
pintar dalam mengajukan harga penawaran dibawah atau mendekati harga
tender. mengajukan harga yang lebih tinggi akan semakin memperkecil
peluang memenangkan tender.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
pererat hubungan baik dengan banyak suplier dan pedagang baik jasa
maupun barang, dengan ini akan memberikan efek baik bagi perusahaan yang
akan mengikuti tender.</span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
jika sudah terpilih maka harus menjaga kualitas pengerjaan dengan
sebagaimana kesepakatan. dengan begini juga akan mendapatkan efek baik
dan tepercarya dan memungkinkan perusahaan yang menjaga kualitas akan
langsung di gunakan lagi jika ada proyek tender selanjutnya.</span><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bentuk-Bentuk Badan Usaha
</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Usaha bisnis dapat dilaksanakan dalam
berbagai bentuk. Di Indonesia kita mengenal 3 macam bentuk badan usaha yaitu :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Badan Usaha Milik Negara
(BUMN)</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Badan Usaha Milik Swasta</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. Koperasi</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Pembagian atas tiga bentuk
Badan Usaha tersebut bersumber dari Undang – Undang 1945 khususnya pasal 33.
Dalam pasal tersebut terutang adanya Konsep Demokrasi Ekonomi bagi perekonomian
Negara. Di mana dalam Konsep Demokrasi Ekonomi ini terdapat adanya kebebasan
berusaha bagi seluruh warga negaranya dengan batas – batas tertentu. Hal ini
berati bahwa segenap warga negara Republik Indonesia diberikan kebebasan dalam
menjalankan untuk kegiatan bisnisnya. Hanya saja kebebasan itu tidaklah tak ada
batasnya, akan tetapi kebebasan tersebut ada batasanya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Adapun batas – batas tertentu itu
meliputi dua macam jenis usaha, dimana tehadap kedua jenis usaha ini pihak
swasta dibatasi gerak usahanya. Kedua jenis usaha itu adalah :<br />
a. Jenis – jenis usaha yang VITAL yaitu usaha – usaha yang memiliki peranan
yang sangat penting bagi perekonomian negara. Misalnya saja : minyak dan gas
bumi, baja, hasil pertambngan, dan sebgainya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
b. Jenis – jenis usaha yang menguasai
hajat hidup orang banyak. Misalnya saja : usaha<br />
perlistrikan, air minum. Kereta api, pos dan telekomunikasi dan sebagainya. Terhadap
kedua jenis usaha tersebut pengusahaannya dibatasi yaitu bahwa usaha – usaha
ini hanya boleh dikelola Negara.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">1. Badan Usaha Milik Negara
(BUMN)</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
BUMN adalah semua perusahaan dalam
bentuk apapun dan bergerak dalam bidang usaha apapun yang sebagian atau seluruh
modalnya merupakan kekayaan Negara, kecuali jika ditentukan lain berdasarkan
Undang-undang.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
BUMN adalah bentuk bentuk badan hukum
yang tunduk pada segala macam hukum di Indonesia. Karena perusahaan ini milik
negara, maka tujuan utamanya adalahvmembanguun ekonomi sosial menuju beberapa
bentuk perusahaan pemerintah, baik pusat maupun daerah.<br />
Ciri-ciri utama BUMN adalah :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Tujuan utama usahanya adalah
melayani kepentingan umum sekaligus mencari keuntungan.<br />
• Berstatus badan hukum dan diatur berdasarkan Undang-undang.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Pada umumnya bergerak pada bidang
jasa-jasa vital.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Mempunyai nama dan kekayaan serta
bebas bergerak untuk mengikat suatu perjanjian, kontrak serta hubungan-hubungan
dengan pihak lainnya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Dapat dituntut dan menuntut, sesuai
dengan ayat dan pasal dalam hukum perdata.<br />
• Seluruh atau sebagian modal milik negara serta dapat memperoleh dana dari
pinjaman dalam dan luar negeri atau dari masyarakat dalam bentuk obligasi.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Setiap tahun perusahaan menyusun
laporan tahunan yang memuat neraca dan laporan rugi laba untuk disampaikan
kepada yang berkepentingan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
BUMN digolongkan menjadi 3 jenis
yaitu :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
a. Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perusahaan ini bertujuan pelayanan kepada masyarakat
dan bukan semata-mata mencari keuntungan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
b. Perusahaan Umum (Perum)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perusahan ini seluruh modalnya diperoleh dari negara.
Perum bertujuan untuk melayani masyarakat dan mencari keuntungan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
c. Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 14.2pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perusahaan ini modalnya terdiri atas saham-saham.
Sebagian sahamnya dimiliki oleh negara dan sebagian lagi dimilik oleh pihak
swasta dan luar negeri.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">2. Badan Usaha Milik Swasta</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk badan usaha ini adalah badan
usaha yang pemiliknya sepenuhnya berada ditangan individu atau swasta. Yang
bertujuan untuk mencari keuntungan sehingga ukuran keberhasilannyajuga dari
banyaknyakeuntungan yang diperoleh dari hasil usahanya. Perusahaan ini
sebenarnya tidakalah selalu bermotif mencari keuntungan semata tetapi ada juga
yang tidak bermotif mencari keuntungan. Contoh : perusahan swasta yang bermotif
nir-laba yaitu Rumah Sakit, Sekolahan, Akademik, dll.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk badan usaha ini dapat dibagi
kedalam beberapa macam :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
a. Perseorangan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk ini merupakan bentuk yang
pertama kali muncul di bidang bisnis yang paling sederhana, dimana dalam hal
ini tidak terdapat pembedaan pemilikan antara hal milik pribadi dengan milik
perusahaan. Harta benda yang merupakan kekayaan pribadi sekaligus juga
merupakan kekayaan perusahaan yang setiap saat harus menanggung utang – utang
dari perusahaan itu.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk badan usaha semacam ini pada
umumnya terjadi pada perusahaan – perusahaan kecil, misalnya bengkel kecil,
toko pengecer kecil, kerajinan, serta jasa dll.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Keuntungan – keuntungan dari bentuk
Perseorangan ini adalah :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Penguasaan sepenuhnya terhadap
keuntungan yang diperoleh.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Motivasi usaha yang tinggi.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Penanganan aspek hukum yang
minimal.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Kekurangan – kekurangan dari bentuk
Perseorangan ini adalah :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Mengandung tanggung jawab keuangan
tak terbatas</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Keterbatasan kemampuan keuangan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Keterbatasan manajerial.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Kontinuitas kerja karyawan terbatas</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
b. Firma</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk ini merupakan perserikatan
atau kongsi ataupun persatuan dari beberapa pengusaha swasta menjadi satu
kesatuan usaha bersama. Perusahaan ini dimiliki oleh beberapa orang dan pimpin
atau dikelola oleh beberapa orang pula.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Tujuan perserikatan ini adalahuntuk
menjadikan usahanya menjadi lebih besar dan lebih kuat dalam permodalannya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk ini memiliki kelebihan dan
kekurangan yang sama dengan bentuk Perseorangan, akan tetapi karena Firma ini
adalah gabungan dari beberapa usaha perseorangan maka kontinuitas akan lebih
lama, kemampuan permodalannya akan lebih menjadi besar. Akan tetapi tidak
jarang dengan bergabungnya dua orang pengusaha itu justru mengakibatkan perselisihan
yang kadang – kadang usahanya menjadi tak terkontrol dengan baik karena sering
terjadi konflik antar keduanya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
c. Perserikatan Komanditer (CV)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk ini banyak dilakukan untuk
mempertahankan kebaikan – kebaikan dari bentuk perseorangan yang memberikan
kebebasan dan penguasaan penuh bagi pemiliknya atas keuntungan yang diperoleh
oleh perusahan. Disamping itu untuk menghilangkan atau mengurangi kejelekan
dalam hal keterbatasan modal yang dimilikinya maka diadakanlah penyertaan modal
dari para anggota yang tidak ikut aktif mengelola bisnisnya, yang hanya
menyertakaan modalnya saja dalam bisnis itu.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk ini memiliki dua macam anggota
yaitu :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Anggota aktif (Komanditer Aktif)
adalah anggota yang aktif menjalankan usaha bisnisnya dan menanggung segala
utang-utang perusahaan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Anggota tidak aktif (Komanditer
Diam) adalah anggota yang hanya menyertakan modalnya saja. Maka dari itu
kertabatas modal perusahaan dapat dihindarkan, sehingga perusahaan akan dapat
mencari dan mendapatkan modal yang lebih besar untuk keperluan bisnisnya. Hal
ini merupakan salah satu kebaikan dari bentuk Perserikatan Komanditer,
dibandingkan dengan bentuk – bentuk lain yang sudah dibicarakan diatas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
d. Perseroan Terbartas (PT)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perseroan Terbatas merupakan bentuk
yang banyak dipilih, terutama untuk bisnis – bisnis yang besar. Bentuk ini
memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat luas untuk menyertakan modalnya kedalam
bisnis tersebut dengan cara membeli saham yang dikeluarkan oleh Perusahaan itu.
Dengan membeli saham suatu perusahaan masyarakat akan menjadi ikut serta
memiliki perusahaan itu atau dengan kata lain mereka menjadi Pemilik Perusahaan
tersebut. Atas pemilikan saham itu maka mereka para pemegng saham itu lalu
berhak memperoleh pembagian laba atau Deviden dari perusahaan tersebut. Para
pemegang saham itu mempunyai tanggung jawab yang terbatas pada modal yang
disertakan itu saja dan tidak ikut menanggunng utang – utang yang dilakukan
oleh perusahaan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perseroan Terbatas ini akan menjadi
suatu Badan Hukum tersendiri yang berhak melakukan tindakan – tindakan bisnis
terlepas dari pemegang saham. Bentuk ini berbeda dengan bentuk yang terdahulu
yang memiliki tanggung jawab tak terbatas bagi para pemiliknya, yang artinya
para pemilik akan menanggung seluruh utang yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.
Berarti apabila kekayaan perusahaan maka kekayaan pribadi dari para pemiliknya
ikut menanggung utang tersebut. Dengan semacam itu tanggung jawab renteng. Lain
halnya dengan bentuk PT dimana dalam bentuk ini tanggung jawab pemilik atau
pemegang saham adalah terbatas, yaitu sebatas modal yang disetorkannya.
Kekayaan pribadi pemilik tidak ikut menanggung utang – utang perusahaan. Oleh
karena itu bentuk ini disebut Perseroan Terbatas (Naamlose Venootschaap/NV).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Kelebihan-kelebihan bentuk ini adalah
:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Memiliki masa hidup yang terbatas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Pemisahan kekayaan dan utang –
utang pemilik dengan kekayaan dan utang-utang perusahaan.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Kemampuan memperoleh modal yang
sangat luas.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Penggunaan manajer yang
profesional.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
e. Yayasan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Yayasan adalah bentuk organisasi
wasta yang didirikan untuk tujuan sosial kemasyarakatanyang tidak
berorientasipada keuntungan. Misalnya Yayasan Panti Asuhan, Yayasan yang
mengelola Sekolahan Swasta, Yayasan Penderita Anak Cacat dll.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="outline: 0px none;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">3. Koperasi</span></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Koperasi adalah usaha bersama yang
memiliki organisasi berdasarkan atas azaz kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan
untuk menyejahterahkan anggotanya. Dilihat dari lingkunganyya koperasi dapat
dibagi menjadi:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
1. Koperasi Sekolah</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
2. Koperasi Pegawai Republik
Indonesia</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
3. KUD</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
4. Koperasi Konsumsi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
5. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
6. Koperasi Produksi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">v<span style="line-height: normal;">
</span>Prinsip koperasi :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Keanggotaan bersifat suka rela</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Pengelolaan bersifat demokratis</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Lembaga Keuangan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Dalam dunia keuangan bertindak selaku
lembaga yang menyediakan jasa keuangan bagi nasabahnya, dimana pada umumnya
lembaga ini diatur oleh regulasi keuangan dari pemerintah. Bentuk umum dari
lembaga keuangan ini adalah termasuk perbankan, building society (sejenis
koperasi di Inggris) , Credit Union, pialang saham, aset manajemen, modal
ventura, koperasi, asuransi, dana pensiun, dan bisnis serupa lainnya.<br />
Di Indonesia lembaga keuangan ini dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yaitu lembaga
keuangan bank dan lembaga keuangan bukan bank (asuransi, pegadaian, perusahaan
sekuritas, lembaga pembiayaan, dll).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
• Bentuk Kerjasama (Gabungan/Ekspansi)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Bentuk Penggabungan Perusahaan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Lingkungan Perusahaan yaitu seluruh
faktor-faktor yang ada diluar Perusahaan yang dapat menimbulkan peluang yang
lebih atau ancaman terhadap perusahaan tersebut</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Bentuk-bentuk Penggabungan:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Trust</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Kartel</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Merger</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Holding
company</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Concern</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Corner
dan ring</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Syndicat</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Joint
venture</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Production
sharing</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">o<span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>Waralaba
( franchise )</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Bentuk Pengkhususan Perusahaan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Ada 4 bentuk yaitu :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
1. Spesialisasi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
2. Trust/Kartel</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
3. Holding Company</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
4. Joint Venture</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Pengkonsentrasian Perusahaan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
1. Trust</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Trust merupakan suatu bentuk
penggabungan / kerjasama perusahaan secara horisontal untuk membatasi
persaingan, maupun rasionalisasi dalam bidang produksi dan penjualan.
Perusahaan-perusahaan yang ingin melakukan trust menyerahkan saham-sahamnya
kepada Trustee (orang kepercayaan) untuk menerbitkan sertifikat sahamnya.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
2. Holding Company</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Holding Company / Perusahaan Induk
yaitu perusahaan yang berbentuk Corporation yang menguasai sebagian besar saham
dari beberapa perusahaan lain. Dalam hal ini status perusahaan lain akan
menjadi perusahaan anak dan kebijakan perusahaan anak akan ditentukan oleh
Holding (Induk). Holding Company bisa terbentuk karena terjadinya penggabungan
secara vertikal maupun horisontal. Contoh Astra International, PT. Dharma Inti
Utama.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
3. Kartel</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Kartel adalah bentuk kerjasama
perusahaan-perusahaan dengan produksi barang dan jasa sejenis yang didasarkan
perjanjian bersama untuk mengurangi persaingan.<br />
Kartel dibagi dalam beberapa bentuk :</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
4. Sindikasi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Adalah bentuk perjanjian kerjasama
antara beberapa orang untuk melaksanakan suatu proyek. Sindikasi juga dapat
melakukan perjanjian sindikasi untuk memusatkan penjualan pada satu lokasi
tertentu, disebut sindikasi penjualan. Ada juga sindikasi perbankan (beberapa bank
bersindikasi untuk membiayai suatu proyek yang besar)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
5. Concern</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Concern adalah suatu bentuk
penggabungan yang dilakukan baik secara horisontal maupun vertikal dari
sekumpulan perusahaan Holding. Concern dapat muncul sebagai akibat dari satu
perusahaan yang melakukan perluasan usaha secara horisontal ataupun vertikal
melalui pendirian perusahaan baru.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Dengan concern, penarikan dana untuk
anak perusahaan dapat dilakukan melalui induk perusahaan yang kedudukannya di
pasar modal lebih kuat dibandingkan bila anak perusahaan beroperasi
sendiri-sendiri di pasar modal.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
6. Joint Venture</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Merupakan perusahaan baru yang
didirikan atas dasar kerjasama antara beberapa perusahaan yang berdiri sendiri.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Tujuan utama pembentukan perusahaan
joint venture ini adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan komunikasi selular bagi
segmen yang sering bepergian untuk menikmati layanan yang friendly (ramah) dan
biaya yang efisien, dimana pelanggan akan merasakan layanan di luar negeri
seperti layanan selular di negara sendiri. Aktivitas pokok Bridge adalah
mengembangkan suatu proses koordinasi regional dimana seluruh pelanggan dapat
menikmati layanan selular regional yang ditawarkan oleh salah satu operator
yang masuk dalam grup Bridge.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
7. Trade Association</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
yaitu persekutuan beberapa perusahaan
dari suatu cabang perusahaan yang sama dengan tujuan memajukan para anggotanya
dan bukan mencari laba.<br />
Contoh: APKI (Asosiasi Pengusaha Komputer Indonesia, ASIRI (Asosiasi Industri
Rekaman Indonesia)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
8. Gentlement’s Agreement</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Persetujuan beberapa produsen dalam
daerah penjualan dengan maksud mengurangi persaingan diantara mereka.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
- Cara-Cara Penggabungan /
Penyatuan Usaha</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
1. Consolidation / Konsolidasi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
adalah penggabungan beberapa
perusahaan yang semula berdiri sendiri-sendiri menjadi satu perusahaan baru dan
perusahaan lama ditutup</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
2. Merger</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Dengan melakukan merger, suatu
perusahaan mengambil alih satu atau beberapa PT lainnya. PT yang diambil alih
tersebut dibubarkan dan modalnya menjadi modal PT yang mengambil alih. Para
pemegang saham PT yang dibubarkan menjadi pemegang saham PT yang mengambil
alih.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
3. Aliansi Strategi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
adalah kerja sama antara dua atau
lebih perusahaan dalam rangka menyatukan keunggulan yang mereka miliki untuk
menghadapi tantangan pasar dengan catatan kedua perusahaan tetap berdiri
sendiri-sendiri.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Contoh : PT. A yang bergerak dalam
bidang properti melakukan aliansi strategi dengan PT. B yang mempunyai
keunggulan dalam peralatan untuk membangun konstruksi.Telkomsel melakukan
aliansi strategis dengan enam operator selular di Asia Pasifik telah
menandatangi kesepakatan pembentukan perusahaan joint venture yang dinamakan
Bridge Mobile Alliance (Bridge).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
4. Akuisisi</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; outline: 0px none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">adalah pengambilalihan sebagian saham
perusahaan oleh perusahaan lain dan perusahaan yang mengambil alih menjadi
holding sedangkan perusahaan yang diambil alih menjadi anak perusahaan dan
tetap beroperasi seperti sendiri tanpa penggantian nama dan kegiatan.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Akuisisi sering digunakan untuk menjaga ketersediaan pasokan bahan baku atau
jaminan produk akan diserap oleh pasar. Contoh : Aqua diakuisisi oleh Danone,
Pizza Hut oleh Coca-Cola, dan lain-lain.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Prosedur Mendirikan Perusahaan Perseroan Terbatas (PT)
</span></h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Perseroan
Terbatas (PT)</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
'<b>Perseroan Terbatas</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<b>PT</b>),
dulu disebut juga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><i>Naamloze
Vennootschhap</i></b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<b>NV</b>),
adalah suatu badan hukum untuk menjalankan usaha yang memiliki modal terdiri
dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham-saham</span></a>, yang
pemiliknya memiliki bagian sebanyak saham yang dimilikinya. Karena modalnya
terdiri dari saham-saham yang dapat diperjualbelikan, perubahan kepemilikan
perusahaan dapat dilakukan tanpa perlu membubarkan perusahaan.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Perseroan terbatas merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_usaha" title="Badan usaha"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">badan usaha</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan besarnya modal perseroan tercantum
dalam anggaran dasar. Kekayaan perusahaan terpisah dari kekayaan pribadi
pemilik perusahaan sehingga memiliki harta kekayaan sendiri. Setiap orang dapat
memiliki lebih dari satu saham yang menjadi bukti pemilikan perusahaan. Pemilik
saham mempunyai tanggung jawab yang terbatas, yaitu sebanyak saham yang
dimiliki. Apabila<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utang" title="Utang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">utang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>perusahaan melebihi kekayaan
perusahaan, maka kelebihan utang tersebut tidak menjadi tanggung jawab para
pemegang saham. Apabila perusahaan mendapat keuntungan maka keuntungan tersebut
dibagikan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang ditetapkan. Pemilik saham akan
memperoleh bagian keuntungan yang disebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividen" title="Dividen"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dividen</span></a>yang besarnya
tergantung pada besar-kecilnya keuntungan yang diperoleh perseroan terbatas.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Selain berasal dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham</span></a>, modal PT dapat pula
berasal dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligasi" title="Obligasi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">obligasi</span></a>. Keuntungan yang
diperoleh para pemilik obligasi adalah mereka mendapatkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bunga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>tetap tanpa menghiraukan untung atau
ruginya perseroan terbatas tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br /></span>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas
(PT)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat umum pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotokopi KTP para pemegang saham dan pengurus, minimal
2 orang</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotokopi KK penanggung jawab / Direktur</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nomor NPWP Penanggung jawab</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pas foto penanggung jawab ukuran 3X4 (2 lembar
berwarna)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotokopi PBB tahun terakhir sesuai domisili perusahaan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fotokopi surat kontrak/sewa kantor atau bukti
kepemilikan tempat usaha</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat keterangan domisili dari pengelola gedung jika
berdomisili di Gedung Perkantoran</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Surat keterangan RT/RW (jika dibutuhkan, untuk
perusahaan yang berdomisili di lingkungan perumahan) khusus luar Jakarta</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kantor berada di wilayah perkantoran/plaza, atau ruko,
atau tidak berada di wilayah pemukiman.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siap disurvei</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syarat pendirian PT secara formal berdasarkan UU No.
40/2007 adalah sebagai berikut:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendiri minimal 2 orang atau lebih (pasal 7 ayat 1)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akta Notaris yang berbahasa Indonesia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap pendiri harus mengambil bagian atas saham,
kecuali dalam rangka peleburan (pasal 7 ayat 2 dan ayat 3)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akta pendirian harus disahkan oleh Menteri kehakiman
dan diumumkan dalam BNRI (ps. 7 ayat 4)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Modal dasar minimal Rp. 50 juta dan modal disetor minimal
25% dari modal dasar (pasal 32 dan pasal 33)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Minimal 1 orang direktur dan 1 orang komisaris (pasal
92 ayat 3 & pasal 108 ayat 3)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemegang saham harus WNI atau badan hukum yang
didirikan menurut hukum Indonesia, kecuali PT. PMA</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mendirikan PT, harus dengan
menggunakan akta resmi (akta yang dibuat oleh notaris) yang di dalamnya
dicantumkan nama lain dari perseroan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terbatas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Terbatas (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terbatas</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal" title="Modal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">modal</span></a>, bidang usaha,
alamat<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan" title="Perusahaan"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perusahaan</span></a>,
dan lain-lain. Akta ini harus disahkan oleh menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia
Republik Indonesia (dahulu Menteri Kehakiman). Untuk mendapat izin dari menteri
kehakiman, harus memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perseroan terbatas tidak bertentangan dengan
ketertiban umum dan kesusilaan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akta pendirian memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan
Undang-Undang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paling sedikit modal yang ditempatkan dan disetor
adalah 25% dari modal dasar. (sesuai dengan UU No. 1 Tahun 1995 & UU No. 40
Tahun 2007, keduanya tentang perseroan terbatas)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah mendapat pengesahan, dahulu
sebelum adanya UU mengenai Perseroan Terbatas (UU No. 1 tahun 1995) Perseroan
Terbatas harus didaftarkan ke Pengadilan Negeri setempat, tetapi setelah
berlakunya UU No. 1 tahun 1995 tersebut, maka akta pendirian tersebut harus
didaftarkan ke Kantor Pendaftaran Perusahaan (sesuai UU Wajib Daftar Perusahaan
tahun 1982) (dengan kata lain tidak perlu lagi didaftarkan ke Pengadilan
negeri, dan perkembangan tetapi selanjutnya sesuai UU No. 40 tahun 2007,
kewajiban pendaftaran di Kantor Pendaftaran Perusahaan tersebut ditiadakan
juga. Sedangkan tahapan pengumuman dalam Berita Negara Republik Indonesia
(BNRI) tetap berlaku, hanya yang pada saat UU No. 1 tahun 1995 berlaku
pengumuman tersebut merupakan kewajiban Direksi PT yang bersangkutan tetapi
sesuai dengan UU No. 40 tahun 2007 diubah menjadi merupakan
kewenangan/kewajiban Menteri Hukum dan HAM.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah tahap tersebut dilalui maka
perseroan telah sah sebagai badan hukum dan perseroan terbatas menjadi dirinya
sendiri serta dapat melakukan perjanjian-perjanjian dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kekayaan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kekayaan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kekayaan</span></a> perseroan
terpisah dari kekayaan pemiliknya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal" title="Modal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Modal</span></a> dasar perseroan
adalah jumlah modal yang dicantumkan dalam akta pendirian sampai jumlah
maksimal bila seluruh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">saham</span></a> dikeluarkan. Selain modal dasar, dalam perseroan
terbatas juga terdapat modal yang ditempatkan, modal yang disetorkan dan modal
bayar. Modal yang ditempatkan merupakan jumlah yang disanggupi untuk
dimasukkan, yang pada waktu pendiriannya merupakan jumlah yang disertakan oleh
para persero <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendiri&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pendiri (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pendiri</span></a>. Modal yang
disetor merupakan modal yang dimasukkan dalam perusahaan. Modal bayar merupakan
modal yang diwujudkan dalam jumlah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uang" title="Uang"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uang</span></a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur
Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilamana seseorang akan mendirikan
perseroan terbatas, maka para pendiri, yang biasanya terdiri dari 2 orang atau
lebih, melakukan perbuatan hukum sebagai yang tersebut dibawah ini:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama, para pendiri datang di kantor notaris untuk
diminta dibuatkan akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas. Yang disebut akta
pendirian itu termasuk di dalamnya anggaran dasar dari Perseroan Terbatas yang
bersangkutan. Anggaran dasar ini sendiri dibuat oleh para pendiri, sebagai
hasil musyawarah mereka. Kalau para pendiri merasa tidak sanggup untuk membuat
anggaran dasar tersebut, maka hal itu dapat diserahkan pelaksanaannya kepada
notaris yang bersangkutan. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua, setelah pembuatan akta pendirian itu selesai,
maka notaris mengirimkan akta tersebut kepada Kepala Direktorat Perdata,
Departemen Kehakiman. Akta pendirian tersebut juga dapat dibawa sendiri oleh
para pendiri untuk minta pengesahan dari Menteri Kehakiman, tetapi dalam hal
ini Kepala Direktorat Perdata tersebut harus ada surat pengantar dari notaris
yang bersangkutan. Kalau penelitian akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas itu tidak
mengalami kesulitan, maka Kepala Direktorat Perdata atas nama Menteri Kehakiman
mengeluarkan surat keputusan pengesahan akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas yang
bersangkutan. Kalau ada hal-hal yang harus diubah, maka perubahan itu harus
ditetapkan lagi dengan akta notaris sebagai tambahan akta notaris yang dahulu.
Tambahan akta notaris ini harus mnedapat pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman.
Setelah itu ditetapkan surat keputusan terakhir dari Departemen Kehakiman
tentang akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas yang bersangkutan. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 19.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketiga, para pendiri atau salah seorang atau kuasanya,
membawa akta pendirian yang sudah mendapat pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman
beserta surat keputusan pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman tersebut ke kantor
Kepaniteraan Pengadilan Negeri yang mewilayahi domisili Perseroan Terbatas
untuk didaftarkan. Panitera yang berwenang mengenai hal ini mengeluarkan surat
pemberitahuan kepada notaris yang bersangkutan bahwa akta pendirian PT sudah
didaftar pada buku register PT. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keempat, para pendiri membawa akta pendirian PT
beserta surat keputusan tentang pengesahan dari Departemen Kehakiman, serta
pula surat dari Panitera Pengadilan negeri tentang telah didaftarnya akta
pendirian PT tersebut ke kantor Percetakan Negara, yang menerbitkan Tambahan
Berita Negara RI. Sesudah akta pendirian PT tersebut diumumkan dalam Tambahan
Berita Negara RI,maka PT yang bersangkutan sudah sah menjadi badan hukum. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Karena dalam mendirikan perusahaan membutuhkan dokumen-dokumen seperti SIUP, NPWP dan akte notaris, kami akan coba membahas apa itu SIUP, NPWP, dan Akte Notaris.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SIUP</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Surat Ijin Usaha Perdagangan)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Karena dalam mendirikan perusahaan kita membutuhkan SIUP, maka disini kami akan membahas apa itu SIUP, apa manfaatnya, jenis-jenis SIUP, dan proses-proses pengajuan SIUP. Pertama-tama kami akan membahas apa itu SIUP, SIUP adalah dokumen yang diperlukan dan diwajibkan bagi orang per orang maupun badan usaha yang akan mendirikan usaha perdagangan.<br />
Pemegang SIUP tidak harus selalu pedagang dengan skala besar yang
melayani perdagangan lintas negara dan sejenisnya, pedagang regional
dalam skala kecil pun sebaiknya memiliki SIUP.<br />
Tujuan pembuatan SIUP adalah untuk mendapatkan legalisasi dari pihak
yang terkait sehingga bisa mencegah adanya kemungkinan masalah
dikemudian hari.<br />
<b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Manfaat SIUP</b><br />
1. sebagai syarat legalisasi yang diminta pemerintah<br />
2. mendukung kegiatan ekspor – impor yang dijalankan<br />
3. syarat untuk bisa mengikuti lelang legal<br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="font-size: small;">Jenis SIUP </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> SIUP dikelompokan dalam tiga kategori berdasarkan besar –
kecilnya modal yang digunakan dalam pendirian usaha, diantaranya adalah :</span></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>SIUP Besar</b> untuk perusahaan yang besar modalnya di atas Rp 500.000.000</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>SIUP Menengah</b> untuk perusahaan dengan kisaran modal antara Rp 200.000.000 – Rp 500.000.000<br />
besarnya modal tersebut tidak termasuk tanah atau tempat usaha</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>SIUP Kecil</b> untuk modal dan kekayaan bersih pemohon mencapai Rp 200.000.000</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tahapan dan Persyaratan</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Pemilik atau pelaku usaha mengurus sendiri atau melalui kuasa yang
dikuasakan ke kantor Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan setempat untuk
mengurus perizinan.</span></span></li>
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Mengambil formulir pendaftaran, mengisi formulir SIUP / PDP
bermaterai Rp 6.000 yang ditandatangani oleh pemilik usaha. Kemudian
formulir yang sudah diisi kemudian di fotocopy sebanyak dua rangkap,
yang dilengkapi dengan syarat – syarat berikut :</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<ul style="margin-left: 40px;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy akte pendirian usaha atau badan hukum sebanyak 3 lembar</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy KTP ( Kartu Tanda Penduduk ) sebanyak 3 lembar</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy NPWP ( No Pokok Wajib Pajak ) sebanyak 3 lembar</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy ijin gangguan atau HO sebanyak 3 lembar</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Neraca perusahaan sebanyak 3 lembar</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Gambar denah lokasi tempat usaha</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<ol start="3">
<li>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Untuk biaya pembuatan Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan ditentukan oleh
masing masing daerah melalui peraturan daerah masing – masing. Karena
itu di tiap daerah tarif yang di tentukan berbeda – beda.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Syarat-syarat SIUP untuk PT, CV, Koperasi dan PO</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy Akta pendirian berbentuk Perseroan dari Notaris.<br />
Fotocopy Surat Keputusan Pengesahan Badan Hukum dari Instansi berwenang<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Dirut Utama / Penanggungjawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Surat Izin Tempat Usaha<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Koperasi</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy Akta pendirian koperasi yang mendapatkan pengesahan dari instansi berwenang<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Dirut Utama / Penanggungjawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Persekutuan Comanditer (CV)</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy Akta pendirian perusahaan / akta Notaris yang telah didaftarkan pada Pengadilan Negeri<br />
Fotocopy KTP Pemilik / Penanggung jawab perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy Surat Izin Tempat Usaha<br />
Fotocopy Izin Gangguan / HO<br />
Fotocopy NPWP perusahaan<br />
Neraca awal perusahaan<br />
Pasfoto 4 x 6</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Perusahaan Perseorangan (PO)</span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">
Fotocopy SIUP Perusahaan Pusat yang dilegalisir oleh Pejabat berwenang menerbitkan SIUP tersebut<br />
Fotocopy Akta atau Penunjukkan tentang Pembukaan Kantor Cabang Perusahaan<br />
Fotocopy KTP Penanggung jawab Kantor cabang<br />
Fotocopy TDP Kantor Pusat<br />
Fotocopy HO dari Pemerintah tempat kedudukan Kantor Cabang</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Contoh Bentuk SIUP: </b></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMXy-NBwbXnJAeaUA6h3B3ZJCon-gCW0bpYZK5qZ0Tu4n530n2DoNuW1u-uqqHsKk8nXH1lwkZTrnt9_F-0CYi7jTXAecgtuJlMs0eYbdZF4HyF0wbCVV1xq5kymF7TIVyAdFu0wyA_8/s1600/siup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMXy-NBwbXnJAeaUA6h3B3ZJCon-gCW0bpYZK5qZ0Tu4n530n2DoNuW1u-uqqHsKk8nXH1lwkZTrnt9_F-0CYi7jTXAecgtuJlMs0eYbdZF4HyF0wbCVV1xq5kymF7TIVyAdFu0wyA_8/s320/siup.jpg" width="213" /></a></span></div>
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<h2 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak)</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div class="post-header">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Selanjutnya kami akan berbagi sedikit informasi tentang <b>"Bagaimana cara membuat NPWP Perusahaan ?". </b>Mungkin
sebagian masyarakat umum sudah banyak yang mengetahui cara pembuatannya
, tapi tidak salahnya kami mencoba memberikan informasi di blog ini.
Tugas yang kami dapatkan ini membuat NPWP Perusahaan , karena menurut
yang kami tahu membuat suatu NPWP Perusahaan itu memerlukan banyak
syarat yang menurut kami sangat ribet sekali.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>NPWP adalah nomor yang diberikan kepada
Wajib Pajak sebagai sarana yang merupakan tanda pengenal atau identitas bagi
setiap Wajib Pajak dalam melaksanakan hak dan kewajibannya di bidang
perpajakan. Sedangkan untuk memperoleh NPWP, Wajib Pajak wajib mendaftarkan
diri pada KPP, atau KP4 dengan mengisi formulir pendaftaran dan melampirkan
persyaratan administrasi yang diperlukan. Pendaftaran wajib pajak untuk
mendapatkan NPWP (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak) dilaksanakan dengan system self
assessment dimana Wajib Pajak mempunyai kewajiban untuk mendaftarkan diri ke
Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) atau Kantor Penyuluhan dan Pengamatan Potensi
Perpajakan (KP4) yang wilayahnya meliputi tempat tinggal atau kedudukan Wajib
Pajak untuk diberikan Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP).</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Kegunaan NPWP ini :</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Sebagai sarana dalam
administrasi Perpajakan</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Sebagai Identitas wajib
pajak</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Menjaga ketertiban dalam
pembayaran Pajak dan pengawasan administrasi perpajakan</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Dicantumkan dalam setiap
dokumen perpajakan. </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span> Syarat membuat NPWP Perusahaan :</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<b>1. Fotokopi salah satu KTP Pengurus. </b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
Untuk fotokopi KTP pengurus disarankan KTP Ketua atau Direktur dari perusahaan/badan.<br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>2. Fotokopi salah satu NPWP Pribadi Pengurus</b></span><br />
Sama halnya seperti fotokopi KTP pengurus, disarankan NPWP pribadi Ketua atau Direktur dari perusahaan/lembaga.<br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>3. Fotokopi Akta Pendirian Perusahaan/Badan</b></span><br />
Pada
fotokopi akta pendirian perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lembaga yang kalian
miliki. Saya tidak bisa menjelaskan bagaimana cara membuat akta
pendirian perusahaan/badan disini karena cukup panjang dan membutuhkan
tulisan baru untuk membuatnya itu akan dijelaskan oleh blog teman saya. <br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>4. Surat Keterangan Domisili dari Kelurahan</b></span><br />
Surat
keterangan domisili ini bisa kalian dapatkan di kantor kelurahan tempat
dimana perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lembaga sobat berdomisili. Cukup datang
ke kantor kelurahan dengan membawa KTP ketua atau direktur dan Surat
Pernyataan yang dikeluarkan Perusahaan yang menyatakan domisili atau
alamat tempat perusahaan sobat berdiri serta membawa fotokopi akta
pendirian Perusahaam/Badan/Yayasan/Lembaga.<br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>5. Formulir Pengajuan NPWP Perusahaan/Badan</b></span><br />
Formulir
pengajuan NPWP Perusahaan/Badan/Yayasan/Lembaga merupakan salah satu
syarat membuat NPWP perusahaan. Dimana mendapatkan formulir pengajuan
NPWP perusahaan ini? Sobat tidak perlu bingung, formulir pengajuan NPWP
perusahaan ini ada di kantor pajak tempat
perusahaan/badan/yayasan/lemabaga sobat berdomisili. Ketika sampai di
kantor pajak, biasanya ada petugas (satpam) yang akan menanyakan akan
membuat NPWP apa? Jawab saja NPWP perusahaan/badan maka sobat nanti akan
diberi formulir pengajuan NPWP perusahaan/badan. Silahkan sobat isi
sesuai dengan data yang sobat miliki (syarat 1-4).<br />
Waktu pembuatan NPWP Pribadi dan Perusahaan tidak lama, kurang dari <b>15 menit</b> sobat sudah mendapatkan NPWP pribadi atau perusahaan sobat.<br />
Untuk alamat kantor pajak tempat membuatnya, sobat bisa melihatnya di:<br />
<a href="http://apps.prabowomurti.com/kantorpajak.php">http://apps.prabowomurti.com/kantorpajak.php</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Contoh NPWP:</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOhabR8hQ0DcQ-UKOilSxVQAxw9hRLu0W0lQ2qfPchijrH-DVMsennkUZZEDqhlrn2dSYnth0MEgMW13s-OVEPT1DO3JYOCByygbgfuj_kMMheWb9R7NGTMfZhN3SH9gZdFWaTQerr13E/s1600/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOhabR8hQ0DcQ-UKOilSxVQAxw9hRLu0W0lQ2qfPchijrH-DVMsennkUZZEDqhlrn2dSYnth0MEgMW13s-OVEPT1DO3JYOCByygbgfuj_kMMheWb9R7NGTMfZhN3SH9gZdFWaTQerr13E/s1600/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Akta Notaris</span></b> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam berbisnis kita juga memerlukan dokumen-dokumen penting lain salah satunya adalah Akte Notaris</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Akta Notaris ialah Akta yang dibuat dihadapan atau oleh Notaris. Akta ini memiliki kekuatan pembuktian di hadapan pengadilan yang paling kuat dibandingkan alat bukti surat lainnya. Perbedaan utama dibanding akta lainnya adalah kesaksian Notaris terhadap kapan dan dimana serta siapa yang melakukan perbuatan hukum yang tecntum dalam akta tersebut<br /><br />Akta juga dibedakan yaitu Akta Otentik dan Akta Di bawah tangan. Suatu surat dapat dikatakan sebagai akta bila telah ditandatangai, dibuat dengan sengaja dan dipergunakan oleh orang untuk keperluan surat tersebut dibuat. <br /><br />Di dalam KUHPerdata ketentuan mengenai akta diatur dalam Pasal 1867 sampai pasal 180 Syarat formil akta notaris: Diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris<br /><br />(1) Setiap Akta Notaris terdiri atas:<br /> a. awal akta atau kepala akta;<br /> b. badan akta<br /> c. akhir atau penutup akta.<br /><br />(2) Awal akta atau kepala akta memuat :<br />a. judul akta<br />b. nomor akta<br />c. jam, hari, tanggal, bulan, dan tahun<br />d. nama lengkap dan tempat kedudukan Notaris.<br /><br />(3) Badan akta memuat:<br />a. nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal lahir, kewarganegaraan, pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, tempat tinggal para penghadap dan/atau orang yang mereka wakili;<br />b. keterangan mengenai kedudukan bertindak penghadap;<br />c. isi akta yang merupakan kehendak dan keinginan dari pihakyang berkepentingan; dan<br />d. nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal lahir, serta pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, dan tempat tinggal dari tiap-tiap saksi pengenal.<br /><br />(4) Akhir atau penutup akta memuat:<br />a. uraian tentang pembacaan akta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 16ayat (1) huruf l atau Pasal 16 ayat (7);<br />b. uraian tentang penandatanganan dan tempat penandatanganan atau penerjemahan akta apabila ada<br />c. nama lengkap, tempat dan tanggal lahir, pekerjaan, jabatan, kedudukan, dan tempat tinggal dari tiap-tiap saksi akta; dan<br />d. uraian tentang tidak adanya perubahan yang terjadi dalam pembuatan akta atau uraian tentang adanya perubahan yang dapat berupa penambahan, pencoretan, atau penggantian.<br /><br />(5) Akta Notaris Pengganti, Notaris Pengganti Khusus, dan Pejabat Sementara Notaris, selain memuat ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat (4), juga memuat nomor dan tanggal penetapan pengangkatan, serta pejabat yang mengangkatnya.zz<br /><br />Akta notaris yang tidak memenuhi syarat formil dalam Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris, maka akta tersebut menjadi akta di bawah tangan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Syarat materiil : Diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata<br /><br />1 Adanya kesepakatan kedua belah pihak.<br />Maksud kata sepakat ialah, kedua belah pihak yang membuat perjanjian sepakat mengenai hal-hal yang diatur dalam kontrak.<br /><br />2. Kecakapan untuk melakukan perbuatan hukum.<br />Ini adalah suatu azaz dalam ilmu hukum yang berarti orang yang sudah cukup umur/ dewasa dan sehat pikirannya. Menurut KUHPerdata yang termasuk dewasa adalah bagi laki-laki 21 tahun dan bagi wanita 19 tahun.<br /><br />3. Adanya Obyek.Adanya suatu obyek dari suatu perjanjian haruslah memuat sesuatu hal/ tindakan atau barang yang jelas.<br /><br />4. Adanya kausa yang halal.<br />Pasal 1335 KUHPerdata, suatu perjanjian yang tidak tidak bertentangan sengan peraturan hukum yang berlaku .<br /><br />Apabila akta otentik tersebut tidak memenuhi syarat obyektif Pasal 1320 B.W., maka akta tersebut batal demi hukum.<br /><br />Apapun bentuk usahanya PT, CV, Fa, Koperasi, UD dll pasti hal pertama dalam perijinan adalah akta notaris. Akta Notaris ini dibuat oleh Notaris. Jadi kalau mau membuat akta notaris datang aja ke notaris. Tapi jangan lupa sebelum membuat akta notaris persiapkan dulu:<br />- Bentuk badan hukum (PT, CV, atau yang lainnya)<br />- Nama perusahaannya (Untuk PT harus 3 kata)<br />- Siapa yang menjadi Komisaris, Direktur Utama, Direktur dll.<br />- Berapa modal awalnya ? khusus PT (perusahaan kecil sampai 200jt, perusahaan menengah 200 jt-500 jt, perusahaan besar lebih dari 500jt)<br />- Biasanya notaris akan mengecek nama yang kita ajukan, jangan sampai nama tersebut sudah ada, kalau belum ada yang pakai dinyatakan oke . Dan jangan lupa juga harus tertulis usaha yang benar-benar akan kita jalani. Untuk biayanya tidak sama setiap notaris. Bisa-bisanya kita menawar, untuk CV Notaris mau Rp 500.000 untuk PT agak mahal, mintanya Rp 1.000.000.<br /><br />Contoh Akta Notaris : </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Referensi:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://timtender.com/" target="_blank"> http://timtender.com</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.satulayanan.net/" target="_blank">http://www.satulayanan.net</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://dinaskukmperindag-bandung.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://dinaskukmperindag-bandung.blogspot.com</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://iqbalhawari.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">http://iqbalhawari.wordpress.com</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/" target="_blank">http://id.wikipedia.org</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.ilmusipil.com/" target="_blank"> http://www.ilmusipil.com</a> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="http://www.kekerku.com/wp-content/themes/directorypress/thumbs/NPWP-PT.KEKERq.jpg">http://www.kekerku.com/</a><br />
<a href="http://iqbalparabi.com/syarat-membuat-npwp-pribadi-dan-perusahaan/">http://iqbalparabi.com/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.pajak.go.id/content/mendaftarkan-diri-untuk-mendapatkan-npwp">http://www.pajak.go.id/</a><br />
<a href="http://tinoess.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/cara-pembuatan-npwp-perusahaan/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://tinoess.wordpress.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.putra-putri-indonesia.com/mendirikan-perusahaan.html">http://www.putra-putri-indonesia.com/</a></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/2010/05/akta-notaris-by-notaris-bandung.html">http://notaris-bandung.blogspot.com/</a><br /><a href="http://hipaliyanti.blogspot.com/2013/10/contoh-dokumen-legal-aspek-pada-suatu.html">http://hipaliyanti.blogspot.com/</a> </span></b></span></span><br />
</div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-89023641603679543692013-10-13T21:00:00.000-07:002013-10-15T03:52:25.404-07:00Pengenalan CSS 3<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CSS (<b>Cascading Style Sheets</b>)
adalah salah satu bahasa pemrograman web untuk mengendalikan beberapa
komponen dalam sebuah web sehingga akan lebih terstruktur dan seragam. Sama
halnya styles dalam aplikasi pengolahan kata seperti Microsoft Word yang
dapat mengatur beberapa style, misalnya heading, subbab, bodytext, footer,
images, dan style lainnya untuk dapat digunakan bersama-sama dalam beberapa
file. Pada umumnya CSS dipakai untuk memformat tampilan halaman web yang dibuat
dengan bahasa <a href="http://www.orange.web.id/2010/04/html-adalah.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">HTML</span></a>
dan XHTML. CSS dapat mengendalikan ukuran gambar, warna body teks, warna tabel,
ukuran border, warna border, warna hyperlink, warna mouse over, spasi antar
paragraf, spasi antar teks, margin kiri/kanan/atas/bawah, dan parameter lainnya.
Sebelum CSS lahir dan berkembang, web programer hanya menggunakan tag
<table> pada HTML untuk mengatur tata letak tampilan.
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Keuntungan memakai CSS 3:</b></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Untuk mengatur dan memperindah tampilan web.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lebih praktis dan menghemat penggunaan tag yang berulang-ulang</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bisa digunakan pada website atau webpage yang lain, misalnya website kita mempunyai 5 halaman (webpage), maka kita tidak perlu membuat pengaturan tampilan atau menulis ulang code-code untuk mengatur tata letak tampilan pada masing-masing halaman sebanyak 5 kali. Kita bisa memanfaatkan code yang sudah ada dengan memanggil tag CSS yang dibuat pada file terpisah (file.css).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<o:AllowPNG/>
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</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Lalu,
Apa Pengertian CSS3 itu?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
CSS3 merupakan generasi ke-3 dari perkembangan CSS sebelumnya. Jadi pada
dasarnya, pengertian CSS3 sama saja dengan pengertian CSS generasi paling awal.
Hanya saja, beberapa standar baru untuk CSS3 menggantikan CSS2 dan mungkin akan
membuat kiat dapat bereksplorasi lebih dalam lagi untuk membuat tampilan situs
lebih menarik dan mulai meninggalkan situs yang membuat menunggu dengan loading
yang lama. <br />
<b><br />
Beberapa kelebihan yang ada pada CSS3 :</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CSS3
bisa lebih detail untuk mendeklarasikan objek yang akan diberikan style.
Contohnya di dalam objek ‘blockquote’ bisa membuat (quote) di awal
dan akhirnya menggunakan font lebih besar dari konten blockquote itu
sendiri. </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">CSS3
kaya akan fitur untuk animasi dan efek untuk text atau objek, yang
sebelumnya tidak bisa dilakukan oleh CSS2/CSS2.1, dan bisa
menggantikan peran gambar. Standar web 2.0 atau situs interaktif dan
efisien berdasar dari penggunaan CSS. </span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dengan
CSS3 situs akan bisa lebih berkembang dan bisa lebih interaktif lagi
dengan pengunjung.</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Bisa
mengurangi ukuran file yang di-load dan lebih ringan, secara
otomatis mengurangi bandwidth inbound/outbound situs.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CSS3 memiliki fasilitas untuk shadow dari suatu div layout, fitur transparansi,
gradien warna pada border, warna pada teks yang diseleksi, fitur skala
memperkecil atau memperbesar layout, kolom pada teks, dan fitur gradien pada
background.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> CSS 3 memiliki beberapa fitur baru, seperti:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Animasi, sehingga pembuatan
animasi tidak memerlukan program sejenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Adobe
Flash</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Microsoft Silverlight</span></a></span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Beberapa efek teks, seperti
teks berbayang, kolom koran, dan "word-wrap".</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Jenis huruf eksternal, sehingga
dapat menggunakan huruf yang tidak termasuk "web-safe fonts".</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Beberapa efek pada kotak,
seperti kotak yang ukurannya dapat diubah-ubah, transformasi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_dimensi" title="2 dimensi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">2 dimensi</span></a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_dimensi" title="3 dimensi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">3
dimensi</span></a>, sudut-sudut yang tumpul dan bayangan.</span></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Beberapa modul
CSS 3 yang paling penting: </span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Selector</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Model Kotak</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Latar belakang dan Border</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Efek teks</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Transformasi 2D/3D</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Animasi</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Layout Kolom</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">User Interface</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><b>Pekembangan CSS3 Seperti Apa?</b> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil pengamatan saya pada beberapa situs yang sudah menerapkan CSS3 +
HTML5, saya beranggapan bahwa fungsi jQuery sepenuhnya akan tergantikan oleh
CSS3. Perkiraan ke depan, tidak ada lagi web yang menggunakan jQuery karena
sizenya lebih besar dibanding CSS3. Bukan cuma jQuery, saat ini penggunaan
flash juga mulai terakusisi dengan semakin berkembangnya CSS3. Menurut saya,
CSS3 merupakan bahasa pemrograman olah digital gambar/citra tingkat tinggi
karena dengan CSS3</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Contoh lain penggunaan CSS3 yaitu membuat efek 3D pada tuliasan, contohnya :<br />
<br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<h4 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;">Code untuk contoh di atas sebagai berikut :</span></span></h4>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi97CnXRE-OfDtCOo_Yujh0fANbw0cwphwqgyZLbADXxSa49zruqykse8zLIwo38lSS0Jrj-UOioN0ua7TQyuOz0xgaJxfwp_Mhl4oUfGdVdIMg-RdcaBKxSjUzkc1_0p26IJumqtp6uxQ/s1600/Shading+with+CSS+text-shadows++The+Typekit+Blog+-+Mozilla+Firefox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi97CnXRE-OfDtCOo_Yujh0fANbw0cwphwqgyZLbADXxSa49zruqykse8zLIwo38lSS0Jrj-UOioN0ua7TQyuOz0xgaJxfwp_Mhl4oUfGdVdIMg-RdcaBKxSjUzkc1_0p26IJumqtp6uxQ/s320/Shading+with+CSS+text-shadows++The+Typekit+Blog+-+Mozilla+Firefox.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Untuk pembahasan teks effect pada CSS3 yang lainnya bisa dilihat </span></span><a href="http://abimanyurioyulianto.blogspot.com/2013/10/teks-efek-css-3.html" target="_blank">Disini</a><br />
<br />
Referensi:<br />
<a href="http://konteseoblog.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://konteseoblog.blogspot.com</a><br />
<a href="http://www.designzzz.com/" target="_blank">http://www.designzzz.com</a><br />
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/" target="_blank">http://id.wikipedia.org</a><br />
<a href="http://www.jeanotnahasan.com/" target="_blank">http://www.jeanotnahasan.com</a><br />
<h4 style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span></h4>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-13206954387737538572013-10-08T19:41:00.000-07:002013-10-09T05:37:23.257-07:00Profil PT First Media Tbk <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
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</span></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hmmmm
udah lama juga saya tidak berkicau-kicau di blog karena cukup sibuk juga sih
dengan tugas kampus yang tiada henti-hentinya, belum lagi saya menjadi seorang
instruktur di sebuah lembaga Universitas yang cukup terkenal.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Berhubungan
saya sudah menjadi mahasiswa tingkat tua jadi saya mencoba memaksimalkan waktu
saya 1 tahun terakhir ini menjadi mahasiswa dengan melakukan yang sebaik
mungkin. Saya mendapat tugas dari Ibu Suharni yang mengajar mata kuliah
Pengantar Bisnis Informatika. Beliau memberi tugas untuk memberi tugas dengan
mencari profil perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang informatika. Hmmmm terlintas
dalam pikiran saya ada satu kata yaitu……</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kenapa
first media menjadi bahan penulisan saya kali ini?? Mungkin karena saya
pelanggan setia ISP sejauh ini hahahahaha. First media sendiri merupakan
perusahaan besar dibidang Internet broadband. Perusahaan ini berdiri sejak 13
tahun yang lalu dan telah memiliki banyak pengalaman dan perkembangan yang
signifikan. Komitmen perusahaan ini yaitu menjadi unggul dibidang penyedia
layanan internet. First media juga telah melayani lebih dari 300 ribu pelanggan
saat ini dan dengan peningkatan yang terus terjadi setiap harinya. First media
menyediakan jasa di beberapa bidang diantaranya TV kabel dan internet pita
lebar atau internet broadband dengan kecepatan tinggi. Pengadaan produk dari
First media mengalami variasi yang terus berkembang pula.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Seiring
dengan berkembangnya teknologi, produk yang mereka ciptakan pun berkembang. Mereka memiliki banyak perencanaan ke depan. Salah satunya adalah memperluas
jaringan rute rumah (homepass) dari 500.000 rumah menjadi 1 juta rumah pada
2015. Hal ini bertujuan untuk membuat masyarakat semakin dekat dengan internet.
Perluasan jaringan internet ini dilihat dari banyaknya jumlah pelanggan yang
semakin bertambah. Dalam pembuatan produk tersebut dibutuhkan modal US$150 juta
atau sekitar 1,3 triliun rupiah. Tentunya modal tersebut tidaklah sedikit. Oleh
karena itu, kami mengajak para investor untuk berinvestasi di perusahaan kami,
PT. First Media Tbk. Saat ini, 55,11% saham perusahaan dipegang oleh Grup
Lippo. Grup Lippo adalah perusahaan besar yang didirikan oleh Mochtar Riady.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PT First Media Tbk (dahulunya PT Broadband Multimedia Tbk), perusahaan ini diperkenalkan pada 6 Januari 1994, didasarkan pasa Notarial Deed no 37 sebelum Siti Safariyah S.H digantikan oleh B.R.AY. Mahyastoeti Notonagoro, S.H, Notaris di Jakarta, dibawah nama dari PT Safria Ananda. Broadband Multimedia mulai memasarkan diri secara komersial dengan merek dagang Kabelvision, yang diikuti pada tahun-tahun berikutnya dengan peluncuran Digital1 dan MyNet.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Juni" title="16 Juni"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">16 Juni</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">2007</span></a>, Broadband Multimedia mengganti namanya
menjadi First Media, sekaligus meluncurkan identitas dan merek baru sebagai penyedia
layanan "Triple Play". Kabelvision dan Digital1 disatukan di bawah
produk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media#HomeCable"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">HomeCable</span></a>, sementara MyNet menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media#FastNet"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">FastNet</span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Pada
akhir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustus" title="Agustus"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Agustus</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">2007</span></a>. Grup Lippo mengumumkan kucuran investasi
sebesar $650 juta selama empat tahun kedepan kepada First Media. Kucuran dana
tadi akan diinvestasikan keberbagai layanan pengembangan konten dan belanja
internet, TV kabel, HDTV, akses pita lebar, layanan nirkabel, fasilitas
pentimpanan data, serta layanan telepon. Dalam kucuran dana tersebut, Grup Lippo
menggandeng perusahaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Media_Entertainment_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Shanghai Media Entertainment Group (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Shanghai Media Entertainment Group</span></a> (melalui anak perusahaan
STR), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Cisco</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Motorola</span></a> untuk pembangunan jaringan serta
pembiayaan proyek tersebut.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan ini telah
diikat oleh layanan ketetapan yang terdahulu melalui sebuah jaringan komunikasi
broadband, dan distribusi bermacam-macam signal elektronik melalui pendapatan
yang sekarang ini diperoleh dari distribusi program televisi di Jakarta, Bogor,
Bekasi, Surabaya, dan Bali.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan bekerja sama
dengan PT Link Net, cabangnya menyediakan layanan internet broadband
kecepatan tinggi melalui jaringan perusahaan, dimana sekarang ini menghasilkan
pendapatan dari koneksi internet broadband di Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, dan
wilayah Surabaya. Perusahaan berdomisili di Gedung Citra Graha lantai 4, Jln.
Gatot Subroto Kav 35-36 Jakarta. Perusahaan memulai operasinya pada 1 Maret
1999.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Perusahaan secara
langsung mengakusisi beberapa perusahan melaui cabang-cabangnya: PT Margayu
Vatri Chantiqa, PT Ayunda Prima Mitra, PT Link Net, PT First Media Production,
First Media News, dan PT First Media Television.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0y1urMak4isgb7WfQ1n9z1sSqgmHFMr6IUuyQWpogFKSHlCpCoNS7tY6DEOLQbHPzsgItEZBMcaPJZR9ZnJrEz3a8qF3Hzg16wSM6y3TBo8vphHJKF6tzRxlKmhbZQEKgfGzeUBB6tQU/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0y1urMak4isgb7WfQ1n9z1sSqgmHFMr6IUuyQWpogFKSHlCpCoNS7tY6DEOLQbHPzsgItEZBMcaPJZR9ZnJrEz3a8qF3Hzg16wSM6y3TBo8vphHJKF6tzRxlKmhbZQEKgfGzeUBB6tQU/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">Informasi
Bidang Teknologi First Media</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Saat ini First Media memiliki dan
mengoperasikan teknologi jaringan kabel Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (‘HFC’) dua arah
pada frekuensi 870 Mhz yang memiliki ujung terminal di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Jakarta</span></a> (Citra Graha), <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Bali</span></a>
(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Denpasar</span></a>), dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Surabaya</span></a> (Gubeng). Digitalisasi
memungkinkan kompresi data yang lebih besar untuk ditransmisikan melalui kabel,
dengan demikian meningkatkan kapasitas kabel untuk melakukan transmisi internet
berkecepatan tinggi, hingga mampu mentransmisi 100 saluran TV secara serempak,
serta volume data yang sangat besar yang diperlukan demi kelancaran aplikasi
beberapa industri.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXaBSmlxxXsngCHmVRGY28RxtolwXSL5-St2NRX_uqcwQ-NheSA2lpTmqGehkShW_p7w8loyKrdYe_G0NqNccI_qG47xHMNQ4UrmD7BZoYC63EPJkCxGwjhkn2YUiAuF_DrMNVYVFckus/s1600/3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXaBSmlxxXsngCHmVRGY28RxtolwXSL5-St2NRX_uqcwQ-NheSA2lpTmqGehkShW_p7w8loyKrdYe_G0NqNccI_qG47xHMNQ4UrmD7BZoYC63EPJkCxGwjhkn2YUiAuF_DrMNVYVFckus/s320/3.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Luasnya First Media
jaringan Metro Etherneta dan mengelilingi sebagian besar wilayah Jakarta,
melintasi semua wilayah pusat bisnis besar, membuat First Media menjadi
provider utama atas semua solusi komunikasi untuk transfer data kecepatan
tinggi dan aplikasi internet untuk perusahaan melalui semua wilayah. Didukung
oleh kurang lebih 3.800 km kabel fiber optik. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, layanan
data komunikasi telah disebarkan oleh generasi selanjutnya dari jaringan
intelejen yang mana terkenal sebagai Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) yang
mengirimkan layanan jarak yang luas dengan kualitas terjamin melaui setiap
saluran fiber optik yang disewakan. Semua layanan ini termasuk dari Pusat
Pemulihan Bencana, layanan Jaringan Area Penyimpanan, Layanan Aplikasi Real
Time, Peering Services, Inter-Branch Connection Services, Video Streaming and
Voice Services, dan masih banyak lagi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Sejak 2002, layanan
komunikasi data dari First Media, DataComm, telah dipercaya sebagai
satu-satunya provider Jakarta Automated Trading System-Remote Trading (JATS-RT)
untuk Indonesia Stock Exchange and Exchange Members. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">2006</span></a>, First Media secara bertahap mulai
mengalihkan jaringan kabelnya menjadi digital, dan pada akhir <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">2007</span></a>
telah dilaksanakan hingga 70% dari keseluruhan jaringan, dan diperkirakan akan
selesai pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">2008</span></a>. Pada akhir tahun 2007, jaringan kabel First Media
menjangkau 3.700 kilometer, dengan kabel ke rumah sejumlah 400.000 dan
penetrasi lebih dari 35% dan terus bertambah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Komunikasi Data
menyediakan layanan untuk pelanggan perusahaan dari sektor yang bermacam-macam.
Seperti pada akhir 2009, layanan komunikasi data First Media telah digunakan
oleh 2660 pelanggan perusahaan dengan total jumlah 500 links koneksi dalam
Greater Jakarta Area.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Peralatan penerima
memakai alat pengubah (converter) bermerek Eastern Electronics tipe se-830.
Alat ini berfungsi untuk mengubah signal digital menjadi signal audio analog
dan signal video analog. Alat pengubah ini juga dilengkapi kartu pintar (Smart
Card) untuk sistem akses dengan kondisi tertentu (Conditional Access
System/CAS) dari Nagravision. Untuk menghubungkan dengan TV dipergunakan
penghubung/konektor RCA atau S-Video. Pengubah dapat pula dihubungkan ke sistem
pengeras suara (amplifier) dengan memakai penghubung SPDIF.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Lingkup</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Produk First Media
disebut Triple Play merupakan layanan berbasis teknologi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_lebar" title="Pita lebar"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">pita lebar</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">digital</span></a> mencakup jasa akses internet
berkecepatan tinggi tanpa batasan yang selalu menyala (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media#FasNet"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">FastNet</span></a>),
TV kabel digital (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media#HomeCable"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">HomeCable</span></a>), dan komunikasi data berkecepatan tinggi dan
berkapasitas besar untuk aplikasi bisnis dan komersial (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media#DataComm"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">DataComm</span></a>).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">FastNet</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">FastNet (sebelumnya
bernama MyNet) adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelenggara_jasa_internet" title="Penyelenggara jasa internet"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">penyelenggara jasa internet</span></a>
melalui jaringan kabel <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_lebar" title="Pita lebar"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">pita lebar</span></a>. FastNet memiliki keunggulan
dalam hal harganya yang murah dibanding dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelenggara_jasa_internet" title="Penyelenggara jasa internet"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">penyelenggara jasa internet</span></a> lainnya
karena menawarkan harga yang tetap untuk layanan yang selalu menyala selama 1
bulan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">FastNet tidak
menggunakan saluran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">telepon</span></a> dalam menyediakan akses
internet tetapi menggunakan kabel pita lebar. Hal ini menyebabkan jangkauan
areanya tidak seluas ADSL yang menggunakan saluran telepon karena kabel pita
lebar harus ditunjang dengan penggunaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optik" title="Fiber optik"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">fiber optik</span></a> yang masih jarang digunakan di Indonesia.
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">aket</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> FastNet dikemas dalam beberapa paket sebagai berikut:</span></span></div>
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Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">·</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">HomeCable</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">HomeCable adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_televisi" title="Stasiun televisi"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">stasiun televisi</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_kabel" title="Televisi kabel"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">kabel</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_berlangganan" title="Televisi berlangganan"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">berlangganan</span></a>. HomeCable
merupakan merek dagang baru untuk 2 produk First Media sebelumnya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabelvision" title="Kabelvision"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Kabelvision</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital1" title="Digital1"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Digital1</span></a>. Selain saluran televisi, HomeCable juga menyediakan
saluran <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">radio</span></a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Ada 7</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">0
channels yang tersedia menunjukan keseimbangan dari hiburan, olahraga,
pendidikan, keluarga, dan berita untuk setiap anggota dari keluarga. Dan dengan
teknologi terbaru dari penyiaran televisi melalui HBO HD,</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">ddddd</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> ESPN HD, Fashion TV HD, ASN HD, dan yang lainnya untuk
menjadikan First Media sebagai yang pertama di Indonesia yang mengelola untuk
membawa hiburan bagi setiap rumah tangga sampai pada ketajaman yang tinggi
melalui First Media HD dengan biaya Rp 315.000/ bulan dan 100 channels yang
dapat dinikmati.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">HomeCable
Ultimate </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Rp.
315,000/month</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Channels:
100</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 49.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">v</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">First HD</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">First HD menjadi layanan
televisi kabel pertama di Indonesia yang menggunakan format <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Definition&action=edit&redlink=1" title="High Definition (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">High Definition</span></a> (HD).
Layanan First HD diluncurkan pada 1 September 2010. Dengan biaya tambahan
sebesar Rp100.000, pelanggan akan mendapatkan 2 saluran HD yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">ESPN</span></a>HD
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO" title="HBO"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">HBO</span></a>HD.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Saat ini HomeCable
mengembangkan teknologi digital dalam menyiarkan salurannya. Teknologi ini
sebelumnya dipergunakan oleh Digital1. Sinyal digital yang digunakan memakai
standar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Video_Broadcasting&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Digital Video Broadcasting (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Digital Video Broadcasting</span></a> (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB" title="DVB"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">DVB</span></a>).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: small; line-height: 150%;">Kabelvision (pendahulu
HomeCable) menggunakan sistem kabel yang tersambung langsung pada antena di
atas rumah. Dari satu sambungan itu, semua televisi yang tersambung dengan
antena dapat menikmati layanan TV berlangganan. Sejak 2006, Kabelvision tidak
lagi mengembangkan sistem analog, dan secara perlahan mengganti jaringan analog
yang sudah ada menjadi digital. Setiap televisi harus mempunyai masing-masing
satu dekoder yang berfungsi menerima sinyal dari pusat untuk mengirimkannya
kepada televisi yang digunakan untuk HomeCable.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Omset</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">First Media membukukan
pendapatan sebesar Rp 833 miliar ditahun 2010 atau naik 15,2% dari hasil 2009.
Kemudian perseroan juga mencatatkan kenaikan laba bersih cukup signifikan
sebesar 27,9% dari Rp 33 miliar menjadi Rp 42 miliar ditahun 2010.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Selain kinerja keuagan yang
positif, perseroan juga melaporkan kesuksesan dari bisnis internet broadband
dan pertumbuhan sektor tv kabel. Dimana pendapatan service internet broadband
meningkat secara signifikan dari Rp 332 miliar menjadi Rp 409 miliar pada tahun
2010.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kemudian, untuk basis pelanggan
First Media bertambah sebanyak lebih dari 58 ribu pelanggan baru. Keberhasilan
menunjukkan pertumbuhan sebesar 20% dengan total pelanggan mencapai 334 ribu
pelanggan dibandingkan dengan hasil tahun lalu. Peningkatan ini terdiri dari
pertumbuhan pelanggan TV kabel yang signifikan dari 132 ribu menjadi 172 ribu,
sementara pelanggan internet broadband melonjak naik dari 154 ribu menjadi 172
ribu.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">First Media, lanjutnya, tengah
berada dalam posisi strategis untuk memperbesar nilai perusahaan dengan cara
meningkatkan dan memfokuskan pada layanan bisnis internet boradband di tahun
2011. Kinerja perseroan yang baik dihasilkan dari strategi efisiensi pembiayaan
melalui sebuah pemilihan kerjasama dengan stasiun televisi penyedia siaran yang
cermat dan strategi menambah bandwidth yang efektif memberikan dampak pada
efisiensi biaya serta naiknya mutu layanan.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Target Pendapatan Rp 1
Triliun 2011</b></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sebelumnya, perseroan
menargetkan pendapatan konsolidasi pada 2011 sebesar Rp 1 triliun. Target
tersebut diyakini teralisasi seiring dengan beroperasinya teknologi layanan
jaringan nirkabel berkecepatan tinggi atau WiMax (<i>Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access)</i></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Direktur Keuangan First Media,
Irwan Djaja pernah bilang, target pendapatan tahun depan bisa teralisasi dan
bahkan lebih dari Rp 1 triliun. Dimana target tersebut akan didukung dengan
beroperasinya teknologi layanan WiMax diluar layanan TV Kabel, internet dan
media.”Dengan telah beroperasinya teknologi WiMax, pendapatan tahun 2011 bisa
mencapai lebih dari Rp1 triliun,”paparnya.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Menurutnya, perseroan siap
mengeluarkan dana US$ 100 juta untuk pengembangan layanan WiMax ini. Dana
tersebut berasal dari kas internal vendor financing serta pinjaman perbankan.
Target pendapatan pertama ditahun 2010 sebesar Rp 825 miliar atau tumbuh 14-16%
dari tahun lalu. Dengan WiMax akan membuat pendapatan perseroan tumbuh lebih
besar dan diharapkan bisa atas Rp 1 Triliun.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dengan beroperasinya layanan
tersebut, perseroan akan memperoleh tambahan pendapatan di luar layanan TV
kabel, internet, media, dan lainnya yang telah digarap perseroan saat ini.
Hanya saja, belum bisa dipastikan berapa besar konstribusi WiMax bagi
pendapatan konsolidasi perseroan. </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hingga akhir 2010, perseroan
menargetkan bakal memperoleh pendapatan Rp825 miliar, naik 14,2% dibanding
periode yang sama tahun sebelumnya sebesar Rp722,4 miliar. Sedangkan per
September 2010, KBLV telah memperoleh pendapatan sebesar Rp605,8 miliar, tumbuh
14% dibanding Rp531,2 miliar pada September 2009.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sementara, laba bersih September
2010 KBLV tercatat sebesar Rp27 miliar, turun dibandingkan periode yang sama
tahun 2009 sebesar Rp46,6 miliar. PPenurunan disebabkan peningkatan beban
operasional dengan adanya beban tambahan dari operasional Wimax.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pada tahun pertama, perseroan
membidik jumlah pelanggan sebanyak 100-150 ribu jaringan terpasang. Dalam 3
tahun ke depan, akan ada 1 juta pelanggan WiMax.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Selain itu, KBLV juga
mengembangkan teknologi video on demand. Teknologi ini rencananya mulai tahun
depan setelah WiMax. Rencana ini dilakukan sebagai antisipasi perseroan
terhadap cepatnya pertumbuhan teknologi serta kebutuhan masyarakat saat ini.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">KBLV sampai saat ini masih
mengandalkan layanan TVberbayar serta jaringan internet. Dua lini usaha ini
memberi kontribusi 82% terhadap pendapatan perseroan. Untuk layanan TV
berbayar, perseroan akan menambah jaringan rute rumah yang dilewati (home
pass). "Tahun depan kami harapkan bisa bertambah 200.000 hingga
250.000 <i>home pass</i>," tegasnya.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Teknologi WiMAX merupakan
layanan broadband internet nirkabel generasi ke empat (4G). Di Indonesia,
teknologi internet nirkabel ini beroperasi di spektrum pita frekuensi 2,3 GHz
dengan jangkauan lebih luas dan kemampuan transmisi lebih cepat yakni sekitar
75 Mbps. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Sumber:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="http://firstmedia.com/" target="_blank">http://firstmedia.com/</a> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/" target="_blank">http://id.wikipedia.org</a> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="http://messagemiss.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://messagemiss.blogspot.com</a> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.neraca.co.id/" target="_blank">http://www.neraca.co.id</a> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
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fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-7567534300690779662013-06-14T16:39:00.001-07:002013-06-14T16:43:04.308-07:00Makalah Tic-Tac-Toe<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Game<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game adalah kata yang berasal dari bahasa inggris yang berarti
permainan. Game atau permainan ini pun tidak sembarang dimana di dalamnya
terdapat berbagai aturan yang harus dipahami oleh penggunanya. Dalam game juga
perlu adanya sekenario agar alur permainan pun jelas dan terarah. Sekenario di
sini bisa meliputi setting map, level, alur cerita, bahkan efek yang ada dalam
game tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis
game :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <b>Edutainment
game</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game jenis ini biasanya dibuat lebih sepesifik untuk tujuan tertentu,
misalnya untuk balita untuk sekedar mengenal warna dan objek. Ada juga yang
ditujukan ke anak sekolah, sebagai contoh game tentang pelajaran biologi dimana
di dalam game tersebut menyediakan konten misalnya tentang fungsi organ tubuh
manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. First
person shooter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis game ini menampilkan sudut pandang orang pertama, biasanya yang
nampak hanya tangan dan senjata player saja. Contoh game ini adalah CS (Counter
strike), Saurbatten, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Real
time strategy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game ini lebih menekankan pada kehebatan strategi pemainya, dan biasanya
pemain tidak hanya memainkan satu karakter melainkan lebih dari satu karakter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Fighting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game ini menuntut pemainya untuk lincah, cepat tanggap, respon yang
baik. Sedikit berbeda dari game fighting lainya yang hanya melawan AI atau
komputer saja, melainkan game ini akan teruji jika pemain sudah bisa
mengalahkan pemain lainya atau dengan kata lain game ini merupakan game multi
player.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Adventure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda
dengan game lain yang menuntut pemainya untuk lincah, refleks, respon. Dalam
game petualangan pemain dituntut kemampuan berfikirnya untuk menganalisa tempat
secara visual, memecahkan teka-teki maupun menyimpulkan rangkaian peristiwa dan
percakapan karakter, menggunakan benda-benda yang tepat dan diletakan di tempat
yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen game<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
sebuah game atau permainan pastilah memiliki komponen dasar yang membuat game
tersebut menjadi user friendly, misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Collision detection</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dimana dalam sebuah game dapat mendeteksi
efek atau aksi yang perlu dalam sebuah game. Misalnya, jika mobil menabrak maka
mobil akan mengalami kerusakan pada body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NPC</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dimana dalam game tersebut player dapat berinteraksi dengan player
lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grafik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Artificial
intelegent<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekenario
atau cerita.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Game
<i>tic-tac-toe<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permainan Tic-Tac-Toe sangatlah sederhana
diilhami oleh permainan anak-anak. Dimainkan pada papan berukuran 3 x 3. Pada
awal permainan, papan dikosongkan. Kedua pemain, X dan O, akan menempatkan biji-bijinya keatas
papan, sekali pasang satu biji.
Pemain yang mampu menempatkan tiga bijinya dalam satu garis (vertikal,
horizontal, diagonal) itulah yang menang. Dan dikatakan seri apabila papan
telah penuh maupun tidak ada yang menang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa penelitian sejenis yang
dilakukan. Misalnya seperti yang dilakukan Samuel dalam Some Studies in Machine
Learning Using the game of Checkers
[6]. Pada makalah
tersebut, Samuel menganalisa pembelajaran mesin dan permainan chekers.
Samuel menggunakan 26 parameter pada fungsi polinomialnya, berikut nilai- nilainya
untuk menentukan bagaimana posisi biji pada papan yang tepat. Tujuannya adalah
untuk mencari nilai Xn yang paling efektif dalam menerapkan strategi permainan
checkers. Setelah beberapa kali percobaan dilakukan, diperoleh sebuah strategi
yang mampu terbaik sehingga mampu bertahan sampai akhir permainan. Sayangnya,
proses ini memerlukan waktu yang panjang. Akan tetapi, Samuel menemukan sebuah
strategi yang bagus sehingga mampu mengalahkan manusia. Penelitian ini
diharapkan mampu menemukan strategi yang serupa terkait dengan permainan
Tic-Tac-Toe, dan lebih efektif dengan waktu yang tidak terlalu lama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian lain yang sejenis juga telah
dilakukan oleh Michie[5].
Michie menganalisa proses pembelajaran
mesin dan permainan Tic-Tac- Toe dan menemukan sekitar 300 posisi yang berbeda
untuk pemain melakukan langkah awal. Percobaan dilakukan pada semua langkah
tersebut dengan memberikan nilai pada tiap langkah, nilai yang tertinggi, akan
memulai langkah terlebih
dahulu. Pada bagian seleksi menggunakan rumus, jika langkah tersebut
menghasilkan kemenangan, maka nilai
langkah dinaikkan, dan sebaliknya, namun untuk langkah pertama, dilakukan secara
acak. Setelah dilakukan beberapa kali permainan, mesin akhirnya mampu
mempelajari permainan tic-tac-toe tersebut.
Ini menunjukkan bahwa,
algoritma genetika mampu mendapatkan strategi yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa tulisan juga telah dibuat untuk
membahas permasalahan sejenis,
misalnya : Ginsberg (1993)[2],
Haykin (1994)[4], Goldberg (1989)[3] dan Bagley(1967)[1].
Tic-tac-toe, merupakan permasalahan permainan yang kompleks dibandingkan permainan
lain sejenis, misalnya ‘Hexapawn game’. Perbandingan
konfigurasinya mencapai 52:612. ini menyebabkan permainan Tic- Tac-Toe sangat
sulit dipecahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game
Engine <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam kita membuat suatu
aplikasi game, kita membutuhkan sebuah perangkat lunak untuk membuat game
yang disebut dengan game engine. <span style="background: white;">Fungsi
utama yang diberikan oleh game engine meliputi rendering untuk 2D atau 3D
graphic, collision detection, sound, scripting, animasi, artificial
intelligence, networking, memory management, threading dan scene graph. Game
engines memberikan perangkat untuk visual development dengan tambahan komponen
perangkat lunak yang dapat dipakai berulang kali. Perangkat ini pada umumnya
memberikan integrated development environment yang dapat mempermudah, serta
mempercepat pengembangan game.Game engine juga sering disebut juga “Game
Middleware”. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" name="more"></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/147899137/Makalah-Tic-Tac-Toe-3x3" target="_blank">Klik disini untuk melanjutkan membaca.</a></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-18204175924333823202013-04-28T21:41:00.001-07:002013-04-28T22:07:01.343-07:00Game Engine Strawberry Prolog<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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kita membutuhkan sebuah perangkat lunak untuk membuat game yang disebut
dengan game engine. <span style="background: white;">Fungsi utama yang
diberikan oleh game engine meliputi rendering untuk 2D atau 3D graphic,
collision detection, sound, scripting, animasi, artificial intelligence,
networking, memory management, threading dan scene graph. Game engines
memberikan perangkat untuk visual development dengan tambahan komponen
perangkat lunak yang dapat dipakai berulang kali. Perangkat ini pada umumnya
memberikan integrated development environment yang dapat mempermudah, serta
mempercepat pengembangan game.Game engine juga sering disebut juga “Game
Middleware”. </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white;">Game Middleware adalah software yang didalamnya sudah terdapat
elemen-elemen yang dibutuhkan oleh seorang game developer, kebanyakan dari game
middleware memberikan fasilitas guna menunjang pengembangan game dengan mudah seperti
graphics, sound dan Artificial intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
elemen yang ada di dalam game engine adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Tools/Data<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pengembangan game, dibutuhkan data yang tidak semudah menuliskan text files.
Dalam pengembangan game, paling tidak dibutuhkan beberapa tools seperti 3d
model editor, level editor dan graphics programs. Bahkan jika diperlukan,
seringkali kita mengembangkan game engine tersebut dengan menambahkan beberapa
code dan fitur yang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->System<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System
sendiri adalah bagian dari game engine yang berfungsi untuk melakukan
komunikasi dengan hardware yang berada di dalam mesin. Jika game engine sudah
dibuat dengan baik maka system ini adalah satu-satunya bagian yang membutuhkan
perubahan yang cukup banyak apabila dilakukan implementasi pada platform yang
berbeda. Di dalam system sendiri terdapat beberapa sub system yaitu graphics,
input, sound, timer, configuration. System sendiri bertanggung jawab untuk
melakukan inisialisasi, update dan mematikan sub system yang terdapat di
dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEJmfn8zT89ukG8kaVlz3MQQB4b8t4gTLEtjTPID1YVBQvGi4Hys0Q2ELpt0Woq10rVpJ24Yu6FRhExL-occVwm7xshOj2W1j3LtWG2KLWXqZoDOdaoj5l9quRCxfeW_pMhQ1wdl9YRXE/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEJmfn8zT89ukG8kaVlz3MQQB4b8t4gTLEtjTPID1YVBQvGi4Hys0Q2ELpt0Woq10rVpJ24Yu6FRhExL-occVwm7xshOj2W1j3LtWG2KLWXqZoDOdaoj5l9quRCxfeW_pMhQ1wdl9YRXE/s1600/2.png" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Console<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
menambahkan console, kita dapat merubah setting game dan setting game engine di
dalam game tanpa perlu melakukan restart pada game tersebut. Console sendiri
lebih sering digunakan dalam proses debugging. Apabila game engine tersebut
mengalami error kita tinggal mengoutputkan error message tersebut ke dalam
console tanpa harus melakukan restart. Console sendiri dapat dihidupkan dan
dimatikan sesuai keinginan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Support<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Support
adalah bagian yang paling sering digunakan oleh system di dalam game engine.
Support sendiri berisi rumus-rumus matematika yang biasa digunakan, vector,
matrix, memory manager, file loader. Merupakan dasar dari game engine dan
hampir digunakan semua projek game engine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Renderer/Engine
Core<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
game engine, engine core / renderer terdiri dari beberapa sub yaitu visibility,
Collision Detection dan Response, Camera, Static Geometry, Dynamic Geometry,
Particle Systems, Billboarding, Meshes, Skybox, Lighting, Fogging, Vertex
Shading, dan Output.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Game
Interface<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game
interface sendiri merupakan layer diantara game engine dan game itu sendiri.
Berfungsi sebagai control yang bertujuan untuk memberikan interface apabila di
dalam game engine tersebut terdapat fungsi fungsi yang bersifat dinamis
sehingga memudahkan untuk mengembangkan game tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkG-MN0OndmeGnYHwSTurmh-fnm077mSn6pBFwQt8FrzCoNb4NpJInRYgNaHo4pdlYGihC3bKWP46t9_m-d6lWRGdb_DINtO8IlwyAa5kZAvzoatDXQgos0CoQwyyW1XnFfxxMDP2yJA/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrkG-MN0OndmeGnYHwSTurmh-fnm077mSn6pBFwQt8FrzCoNb4NpJInRYgNaHo4pdlYGihC3bKWP46t9_m-d6lWRGdb_DINtO8IlwyAa5kZAvzoatDXQgos0CoQwyyW1XnFfxxMDP2yJA/s320/3.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->The
Game<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
inti dari penggunaan game engine sendiri, sehingga terserah kita bagaimana
mengembangkan game tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
sekarang ini sudah sangat banyak game engine yang hadir, dan sangat maju. Para
pembuat game engine kini berlomba-lomba untuk menciptakan game engine dengan
tampilan yang menarik agar menciptakan suasana permainan yang nyaman atau enak
untuk dilihat dan dimainkan dalam PC ataupun Console. Dengan tampilan atau
graphic yang menarik yang kini semakin mendekati realitas dalam segi fisik para
tokoh serta gameplay-nya, akan membuat para gamers semakin antusias untuk
memainkan game tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
dari game engine sebenernya cukup gampang, yaitu bahan dasar yang diperlukan
sebuah game untuk menjalankan tugasnya, merender pixel demi pixel, menghitung
physiscs, memperkirakan input tombol, dan lain hal, yang memungkinkan developer
kreatif dapat membuat sebuah game dengan engine yang sama menjadi unik satu
sama lain. Di analogikan sebagai sebuah mobil, game engine sudah merupakan
bagian mobil, sekitar 50% jadi. Mesin dan rangkaian sistem pengapian, sampai
pembuangan. Kurang body dan aksesoris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcLd2_xzCAFe5r1-8O3EbysuY_UZeTFxAc5dhjjaCz7UJpnRk_nmZo17d4LPuanatTZxcS9gGd8QTRFxBeik6X_9Bzn3HwMmxK8R-m5G9kkSIMfO2qn7P6pDrq4Jth0wwHnBdF5G3jLM8/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcLd2_xzCAFe5r1-8O3EbysuY_UZeTFxAc5dhjjaCz7UJpnRk_nmZo17d4LPuanatTZxcS9gGd8QTRFxBeik6X_9Bzn3HwMmxK8R-m5G9kkSIMfO2qn7P6pDrq4Jth0wwHnBdF5G3jLM8/s320/4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
game engine memungkinkan penggunaan kembali komponen komponen yang dapat
mempercepat hadirnya game menjadi nyata di layar monitor mu. Beberapa diantara
nya yang termasuk dengan itu adalah deteksi tubrukan, tampilan grafis, setting
dalam game, artificial intelligence dan lain lain. Semua komponen tadi
disatukan dalam satu pake game engine. Artist dan Developer, dapat menambahkan
pustaka texture dan model sendiri untuk dijadikan tokoh utama atau setting
dunia dalam sebuah engine. Sekali lagi dalam analogi game, model dan texture
dalam game engine bisa dibilang sebagai body dan aksesoris mobil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah
game engine dibagi lagi menjadi dua bagian besar. Yaitu API dan SDK. API (
Applicaiton Programming Interfaces ) adalah bagian operating system, services
dan libraries yang diperlukan untuk memanfaatkan beberapa feature yang
diperlukan. Dalam hal ini contohnya DirectX. Sementara SDK adalah kumpulan dari
libraries dan API yang sudah siap digunakan untuk memodifikasi program yang
menggunakan operating system dan services yang sama. Biasanya, game engine
menyertakan keduanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
dalam Unreal Engine, menyiapkan antarmuka baku bagi programmer untuk
menciptakan game nya dengan mudah, melalui scripting engine, yang disebut
UnrealScript, dan juga libraries, yang berisi model standar dan texture standar
dan juga world editor yang disebut sebagai UnrealED.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah membahas game engine, saya akan
mencoba membahas salah satu game engine yaitu Strawberry Prolog. Prolog
singkatan dari<b> Programming in Logic</b>. Dikembangkan oleh Alain
Colmenraurer dan P.Roussel di Universitas Marseilles Perancis, tahun 1972.
Prolog populer di Eropa untuk aplikasi <i>artificial intelligence</i>,
sedangkan di Amerika peneliti mengembangkan aplikasi yang sama, yaitu LISP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aplikasi prolog :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Program
menggunakan teknik pengambilan kesimpulan dari data-data yang didapat, layaknya
seorang ahli. Contoh dalam mendiagnosa penyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengolahan Bahasa Alami (Natural Languange Processing)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Program
dibuat agar pemakai dapat berkomunikasi dengan komputer dalam bahasa manusia
sehari-hari, layaknya penterjemah.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robotik<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolog
digunakan untuk mengolah data masukan yang berasal dari sensor dan mengambil
keputusan untuk menentukan gerakan yang harus dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengenalan Pola (Pattern Recognition)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Banyak
digunakan dalam <i>image processing</i>, dimana komputer dapat membedakan
suatu objek dengan objek yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belajar (Learning)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Program
belajar dari kesalahan yang pernah dilakukan, dari pengamatan atau dari hal-hal
yang pernah diminta untuk dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep pemrograman prolog :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fakta dan Relasi</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prolog terdiri dari kumpulan data-data objek yang
merupakan suatu fakta.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakta dibedakan 2 macam :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ú Menunjukkan relasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ú Menunjukkan milik/sifat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulisannya diakhiri dengan tanda titik “<b>.</b>”<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKTA</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PROLOG</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Slamet adalah ayah Amin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.5pt;" valign="top" width="330"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ayah (slamet, amin).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anita adalah seorang wanita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.5pt;" valign="top" width="330"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">wanita (anita).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angga suka renang dan tenis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.5pt;" valign="top" width="330"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">suka(angga, renang). dan suka(angga,tenis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jeruk berwarna orange<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: .75pt 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.5pt;" valign="top" width="330"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">orange(jeruk).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Strawberry Prolog</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah
dialek (perpanjangan dari bahasa yang tidak mengubah sifat
intrinsiknya) dari bahasa pemrograman Prolog. Sintaks-nya adalah sangat dekat
dengan ISO-Prolog tapi itu memiliki banyak ekstensi yang bukan bagian dari
standar. Ide utama dari Strawberry Prolog menjadi sangat mudah untuk digunakan
dan itulah mengapa beberapa universitas menggunakannya untuk program Prolog
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Strawberry Prolog diproduksi oleh Institut
Matematika dan Informatika di Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Bulgaria. Versi pertama
dirilis pada tahun 1996. Pemimpin tim Strawberry Dimiter Dobrev. kompiler
Prolog adalah bagian dari proyek AI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">contoh program</span></u></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chess.spj - Bermain Catur Program. Anda bisa
bermain melawan komputer. Program ini termasuk dalam instalasi standar
Strawberry Prolog. Anda akan menemukannya di folder Permainan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fractals.pro – akan dilihat bahwa medan
fraktal terbatas di mana dapat bergerak dan bahkan tersesat. Tujuannya adalah
untuk menemukan tempat sasaran di lapangan. Ini adalah program pintar yang
menggunakan pseudo-random nomor dalam rangka untuk menghasilkan lapangan yang
tak terbatas tapi konstan fraktal di mana dapat kembali dan untuk menemukan ada
gambar yang sama seperti sebelumnya. Sampel ini menunjukkan kekuatan grafis
dari Strawberry Prolog dan akan menemukannya di folder Programs pada instalasi
standar dari edisi Cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvAyt4hwPxbwaJKIjvRURCQaYlRBD4ZvfFcjiKNMspHpamFBoubJ76zaz1J4UPGyr0NCcgWby-Za0YioMKOP60jyA35CNcQvT9jwMaQkugZwwLI8qcQZooSaDPERcgY3kpqoJCxv34wZs/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvAyt4hwPxbwaJKIjvRURCQaYlRBD4ZvfFcjiKNMspHpamFBoubJ76zaz1J4UPGyr0NCcgWby-Za0YioMKOP60jyA35CNcQvT9jwMaQkugZwwLI8qcQZooSaDPERcgY3kpqoJCxv34wZs/s320/7.jpg" width="297" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BEBERAPA
EKSTENSI :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. variabel
global <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. array <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Definisi
fungsi dan Built-in predikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Prolog
CGI Script<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Strawberry
Prolog sebagai server OLE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f. OLE Otomasi - COM
dan ActiveX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SWI-Prolog</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah
sebuah implementasi open source dari bahasa pemrograman Prolog, yang biasa
digunakan untuk aplikasi web mengajar dan semantik. Hal ini memiliki
seperangkat kaya fitur, perpustakaan untuk kendala logika pemrograman,
multithreading pengujian, unit, GUI, interfacing ke Jawa, ODBC dan lain-lain,
pemrograman melek, web server, SGML, RDF, RDFS, pengembang alat-alat (termasuk
sebuah IDE dengan GUI debugger dan profiler GUI), dan dokumentasi yang
ekstensif.SWI-Prolog berjalan pada Unix, Windows, dan Macintosh platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SWI-Prolog telah berada di bawah pengembangan
yang berkesinambungan sejak tahun 1987. Penulis utamanya adalah Jan Wielemaker.
Nama SWI berasal dari Sociaal-Wetenschappelijke Informatica ("Ilmu Sosial
Informatika"), nama mantan kelompok di University of Amsterdam, di mana
Wielemaker digunakan. Nama kelompok ini telah berubah menjadi HCS
(Human-Computer Studies).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">XPCE</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">XPCE adalah platform independen GUI toolkit
untuk SWI-Prolog, Lisp dan bahasa interaktif dan dinamis mengetik lainnya.
Meskipun XPCE dirancang untuk menjadi bahasa-independen, ia telah mendapatkan
popularitas paling dengan Prolog. Perkembangan XPCE toolkit grafis dimulai pada
tahun 1987, bersama dengan SWI-Prolog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ini mendukung tombol, menu, slider, tab dan
dasar lainnya GUI widget. XPCE tersedia untuk semua platform yang didukung oleh
SWI-Prolog.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTP5or8UD65EMfWTrVFyyLn-2ajpRkbjb5Mq8tVJFTNChCP5b-oivaMiPjT4OagatAXzwdKM__GRLI5uMgCIvn22k78dQB6lvPj-iWT6AlxpYwpPcDgjfEfeiJYdjFhX7FZ926_R688bE/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTP5or8UD65EMfWTrVFyyLn-2ajpRkbjb5Mq8tVJFTNChCP5b-oivaMiPjT4OagatAXzwdKM__GRLI5uMgCIvn22k78dQB6lvPj-iWT6AlxpYwpPcDgjfEfeiJYdjFhX7FZ926_R688bE/s320/8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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style='width:277.5pt;height:241.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\vera\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="FundamentalVisualPrologGui05"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PceEmacs</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PceEmacs adalah SWI-Prolog builtin editor.
PceEmacs adalah clone Emacs diimplementasikan di Prolog (dan XPCE). Ini
mendukung indentasi yang tepat, sintaks, memeriksa sintaks penuh dengan
menghubungi SWI-Prolog parser, peringatan untuk variabel tunggal dan menemukan
definisi predikat berdasarkan informasi sumber-dari database Prolog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JPL</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">JPL adalah antarmuka dua arah antara Jawa dan
Prolog [2]. Hal ini membutuhkan baik SWI-Prolog dan Java SDK. Hal ini diinstal
sebagai bagian dari SWI-Prolog.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Visual Prolog</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebelumnya
dikenal sebagai PDC Prolog dan Turbo Prolog merupakan bahasa pemrograman prolog
yang berorientasi obyek. Sebelumnya, Turbo Prolog dipasarkan oleh Borland,
namun saat ini produk tersebut dikembangkan serta dipasarkan oleh perusahaan
asal Denmark, Prolog Development Center, yang sejatinya merupakan perusahaan yang
mengembangkan Turbo Prolog. Visual Prolog dapat digunakan untuk membuat
aplikasi berbasis grafis untuk sistem operasi Microsoft Windows, aplikasi
konsol, berkas pustaka .dll, dan program berbasis CGI. Program yang dibuat
dengan Visual Prolog juga dapat memanfaatkan komponen COM milik Windows, dan
akses database melalui ODBC. Visual Prolog merupakan bahasa pemrograman yang
dikompilasi, dan bukan diinterpretasikan oleh sebuah interpreter.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPleyB9a6nRbRIEeczfy5sG6PkXSRdVgetrMR1BjqC3ilPG8O-lFnJVEfMf1B8yiTMLeJPNSCV28G2tiu7U6Dte4t4rto02uwfi8xfzsv2OnGRPrWVYFazVzS1H3QA7unYg16WpLE5ww/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiPleyB9a6nRbRIEeczfy5sG6PkXSRdVgetrMR1BjqC3ilPG8O-lFnJVEfMf1B8yiTMLeJPNSCV28G2tiu7U6Dte4t4rto02uwfi8xfzsv2OnGRPrWVYFazVzS1H3QA7unYg16WpLE5ww/s320/9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\vera\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="vip-logo"/>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5303936293294327952" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Visual Prolog merupakan bahasa
pemrograman multi-paradigma didasarkan pada Prolog bahasa logis. Tujuan dari
Visual Prolog adalah untuk mendukung pemrograman kekuatan industri masalah
pengetahuan yang kompleks ditekankan. Visual Prolog adalah bahasa pemrograman
yang sangat kuat dan aman menggabungkan fitur terbaik dari logis, paradigma
pemrograman fungsional dan berorientasi objek dengan cara yang konsisten dan
elegan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak
versi 6.0 bahasa prolog telah mendukung secara penuh pemrograman berorientasi
obyek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Versi
7.0 membawa serta fitur polimorfisme parametrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Versi
7.2 memperkenalkan predikat anonim, serta namespace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Versi
7.3 memperkenalkan kelas generik serta interface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Referensi:</div>
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<a href="http://dagdigdugweew.blogspot.com/2010/11/laporan-akhir-pkb.html" style="line-height: 150%;">http://dagdigdugweew.blogspot.com/2010/11/laporan-akhir-pkb.html</a><br />
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog</a><br />
<a href="http://stefanuskaparang.wordpress.com/">http://stefanuskaparang.wordpress.com/</a><br />
<a href="http://greenbel.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/strawberry-prolog-1/">http://greenbel.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/strawberry-prolog-1/</a><br />
<a href="http://informaticunsil.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengenalan-pemrograman-strawberry-prolog.html">http://informaticunsil.blogspot.com/2012/12/pengenalan-pemrograman-strawberry-prolog.html</a><br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a><span id="goog_2029957888"></span><span id="goog_2029957889"></span><br /></div>
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<br /></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-44409794515796820152013-03-30T17:55:00.001-07:002013-03-30T17:55:14.097-07:00Game<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjalani rutinitas sehari-hari mungkin
terasa membosankan. Maka terciptalah sebuah game virtual. Game virtual ini
sejatinya terbagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu game offline dan game online. Kalau
game offline itu tidak membutuhkan koneksi internet dan cenderung kita dapat
mentamatkan game tersebut, tetapi kalau game online harus membutuhkan koneksi
internet agar bisa memainkan game tersebut, kita juga dapat berinteraksi dengan
pemain lain diluar sana entah dia di wilayah mana, negara mana, maupun benua mana
dan cenderung game online tidak akan ada tamatnya paling pada saat kita sudah
bosan dengan level yang tertinggi mungkin kita akan meninggalkan game tersebut.
</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game kini dapat dimainkan oleh banyak pemain dalam waktu yang
bersamaan meskipun terpisah jarak yang sangat jauh, memainkannya tak lagi
konvensional dengan mesin video game arcade, melainkan dengan komputer maupun konsol seperti
Wii, PS, Xbox yang terkoneksi dengan internet istilahnya game online.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
banyak jenis-jenis genre game diantaranya: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1<i><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. RTS (Real Time Strategy)</span></i><br />
<span style="background: white;"> genre
permainan game seperti ini bersifat strategi, taktik, dan logika. Biasanya
berupa perang yang tiap pemainnya memiliki suatu pasukan atau negara. Dalam RTS
permainan dapat berupa sejarah, fantasi, dan fiksi ilmiah.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Contoh : Warcraft, Command & Concuer, Rise of
Nations, dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCFnWqSrhmj6RB80Xl3UW6VkDH-_ZYn7fpZSZQgtM24vnaIGKoq70w_X0CUt2d36wwQ_0ynsodH4sSRRRJvYIiDCm820_C6U1fq6gjSRRYAcnkLAZwCu6Xnx86FXmrkzy3M1qPlb02jM/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCFnWqSrhmj6RB80Xl3UW6VkDH-_ZYn7fpZSZQgtM24vnaIGKoq70w_X0CUt2d36wwQ_0ynsodH4sSRRRJvYIiDCm820_C6U1fq6gjSRRYAcnkLAZwCu6Xnx86FXmrkzy3M1qPlb02jM/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<i><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2. FPS (First
Person Shooter)</span></i><br />
<span style="background: white;">Genre game seperti ini bersifat game
tembak-tembakan dengan tampilan pemain adalah tokoh yang dimainkan. Biasanya
berupa misi untuk suatu tujuan tertentu. Ciri khas game ini adalah penggunaan
senjata jarak jauh.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Contoh : Call of Duty, Point Blank, Counter
Strike<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQjDHMp-C_qTpMI7Eh2QTK_jTxL_DhVgmZ1O2WD4OrKzs2j0DSqAjUriog4wQvHPmwcA4GuCtLxTSnYyD51gjBmmMBSRVIQtiaEqlv8J4nQZXYegQ9Qjl06yTL8LuLmpLsN_Lwtt9T45k/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQjDHMp-C_qTpMI7Eh2QTK_jTxL_DhVgmZ1O2WD4OrKzs2j0DSqAjUriog4wQvHPmwcA4GuCtLxTSnYyD51gjBmmMBSRVIQtiaEqlv8J4nQZXYegQ9Qjl06yTL8LuLmpLsN_Lwtt9T45k/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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o:title="point-blank-11"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Vehicle Simulation</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Genre game ini bersifat mensimulasi pengoperasian
beberapa kendaraan, kendaraan bisa berupa pesawat terbang, pesawat tempur,
kereta, kendaraan perang, maupun kendaraan konstruksi.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Contohnya : Truck Simulator, FlightGear, Tram<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYUXImPjksJZOw2hUpg3oDM9Hsg97W7qrNOAvHnjhu7EujrSmsuabOPli5nHsN2UiEc-a-b9olD1HONLgXbAcIxcBoEh_CaBcMRBe_4AoY_1qgzLHXel7iiOc81SqDTh-Dwzq9rAt8EYo/s1600/3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYUXImPjksJZOw2hUpg3oDM9Hsg97W7qrNOAvHnjhu7EujrSmsuabOPli5nHsN2UiEc-a-b9olD1HONLgXbAcIxcBoEh_CaBcMRBe_4AoY_1qgzLHXel7iiOc81SqDTh-Dwzq9rAt8EYo/s320/3.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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o:title="flightgear"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br />
<i><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4. RPG (Role
Playing Game)</span></i><br />
<span style="background: white;">Genre game seperti ini para pemainnya memainkan peran tokoh-tokoh
khayalan dan berkolaborasi untuk merajut sebuah cerita bersama. Ada pula jenis
lain game RPG ini, diantaranya :</span><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LARP (Live Action Role Playing)
adalah game RPG dimana para pemain bisa melakukan gerakan fisik tokohnya.
Biasanya pemain menggunakan kostum dan menggunakan alat-alat yang sesuai
dengan tokoh, dunia dan cerita yang dia mainkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer
Online Role-Playing Game) adalah game RPG yang melibatkan ribuan pemain
untuk bermain game bersama dalam dunia maya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contohnya
: Ragnarok, Avalon, RF, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-pz5W1yCCedvZGfdqjry26HH0s4QBQBzeU9BhFchXH_ih80N_axm5c6dvB3AQLKmS4sFvthvDP4PQ0LVMFcimvMdldmnYdzguKlW1xoP49xkvAec07_P6DfY1xWMNsuXN5CIRSp0CAk/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy-pz5W1yCCedvZGfdqjry26HH0s4QBQBzeU9BhFchXH_ih80N_axm5c6dvB3AQLKmS4sFvthvDP4PQ0LVMFcimvMdldmnYdzguKlW1xoP49xkvAec07_P6DfY1xWMNsuXN5CIRSp0CAk/s320/4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\rehan\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="ragnarok-2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br />
<i><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5. Adventure Games</span></i><br />
<span style="background: white;">Genre game seperti ini mengutamakan masalah eksplorasi dan pemecahan
teka-teki. Namun terkadang meliputi masalah konseptual, dan tantangan fisik
namun sangat jarang.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Contoh : God of War, Assasins Creed, Tomb Raider<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.original-gamer.com/og/images/ac.jpg"
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o:title="ac"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzp0ILG4RtQ012VVyXhSlRyKewBsIlvY8Zf3U5iS7QJlY04d240N5waatiFf8Cfx3IOEwLMxkySWldEYDVOtTx2O-Q5ZnRsjo7A6g1JKc-7VExoRCfQB2wzeBp7vf3f6qrcQIdMMFVvo/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzp0ILG4RtQ012VVyXhSlRyKewBsIlvY8Zf3U5iS7QJlY04d240N5waatiFf8Cfx3IOEwLMxkySWldEYDVOtTx2O-Q5ZnRsjo7A6g1JKc-7VExoRCfQB2wzeBp7vf3f6qrcQIdMMFVvo/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Construction and Management Simulation Games</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Genre game seperti ini mesimulasikan proyek
membangun dan mengelola. Pada dasarnya adalah masalah ekonomi dan konseptual.
Game ini jarang yang melibatkan konflik dan eksplorasi, dan hampir tidak pernah
meliputi tantangan fisik.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Contoh : Sim City, Roller Coster Tycoon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZYew3X7VbWWOU4nRyHNT_cHgQoNKal5UM1170_JWL5fB19jg2W6YeWe-pdwOuBvy4RLoLZQriLduvZdqDX48kVB4E6SXGJHuw1Lc9weBOMEVnAexCiIPaZf_1CLDtObtv-qN5skQpjdw/s1600/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZYew3X7VbWWOU4nRyHNT_cHgQoNKal5UM1170_JWL5fB19jg2W6YeWe-pdwOuBvy4RLoLZQriLduvZdqDX48kVB4E6SXGJHuw1Lc9weBOMEVnAexCiIPaZf_1CLDtObtv-qN5skQpjdw/s320/6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://cakrawalamaya.blogspot.com/2012/03/pengertian-game.html">http://cakrawalamaya.blogspot.com/2012/03/pengertian-game.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="http://aldianapermatasari.blogspot.com/2013/01/pengertian-game.html">http://aldianapermatasari.blogspot.com/2013/01/pengertian-game.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.omdading.com/2012/02/">http://www.omdading.com/2012/02/</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-15991250128245233592013-03-30T07:53:00.001-07:002013-03-30T07:53:12.391-07:00Seandainya<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Andai
saja dia tidak hadir disini. Andai saja aku tak bertemu dengannya. Andai aku
tak pernah melihat wajahnya setiap hari dan andai saja perasaan ini tidak
pernah ada. Aku mungkin telah jatuh cinta kembali setelah sekian lama aku
menyembuhkan sebuah pengalaman pahitku dulu. Aku terpesona dengan wajahnya pada
saat aku pertama kali melihat wajahnya. Dia adalah sosok yang sederhana
menurutku tetapi ada sisi lain yang aku suka darinya dibandingkan yang lainnya.
Dia sosok wanita yang superior menurutku. Mungkin aku saja kalah machonya
dengan dia hahahha. Pada awalnya aku bertemu dengannya pada saat aku tingkat 2
di sebuah universitas swasta yang cukup terkenal. Aku terpesona dengan wajahnya
walaupun pertama kali melihatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Semakin lama waktu berputar,
perasaan ini pun semakin tumbuh dengan alami. Aku sering memandang wajahnya
dari kejauhan. Sedikit demi sedikit aku mulai mencuri-curi pandang dengannya.
Ingin rasanya aku mendekatinya tapi pengalaman masa lalu ku terus membayang-bayangi
perasaan ini. 4 bulan sudah aku memendam perasaan ini, pada akhirnya aku
memutuskan untuk mendekatinya. Mungkin dia terlalu banyak punya teman
laki-laki, proses pendekatan ini mungkin hanya sebatas pertemanan saja baginya.
Rasa perhatianku padanya, mungkin hanya angin lalu saja baginya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sudah… cukup…. sudah… pertaruhanku
dimulai. Aku akan menyatakan perasaanku padanya pada saat selesai praktikum.
Aku mulai menyatakan perasaanku padanya. Mungkin aku seorang laki-laki terbodoh
yang ada di dunia ini tanpa melakukan proses pendekatan terlebih dahulu. Aku
memberikan sebatang coklat putih kepadanya. Entah kenapa cara klasik nan kuno
ini aku terapkan pada saat itu. Aku bilang padanya kalau aku tidak mau
mendengar jawabannya karena aku tahu jawabannya pasti ditolak. Karena aku juga
tak yakin kalau dia punya perasaan yang sama denganku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 6 bulan berselang dari peristiwa
itu, aku berubah menjadi sosok yang pendiam nan emosional. Aku mendapat kabar
dia telah mempunyai seorang kekasih. Sosok orang yang mahir dalam berolahraga
yang berbanding terbalik denganku. Dia selalu menceritakan kehidupan percintaan
dia dengan kekasihnya setiap kali aku berkumpul-kumpul dengan teman-temanku. Entah
kenapa aku menjadi muak dengan cerita itu. Apa aku jealous? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aku mulai menarik diri dari
teman-temanku. Aku mulai menyendiri. Aku mulai menyibukkan diri untuk kerja
sambilan di luar. Pada saat makan siang, aku hanya terdiam saja jika dia ikut
makan siang dengan teman-temanku. Sekarang dia lebih memilih meluangkan
waktunya untuk berkumpul dengan teman-temanku dibandingkan dengan kegiatan
kemahasiswaan dia di kampus. Aku merasa semakin menjauh dari teman-temanku.
Padahal aku ingin sekali hang out bersama mereka tapi dia lagi-lagi hadir.
Setiap kali dia ikut, aku berubah drastis menjadi sosok pendiam. Daripada aku
menjadi duri dalam daging dalam pertemanan ini aku lebih baik menarik diri dari
teman-temanku. Aku tidak mau menjadi sosok yang merusak suasana kalau
berkumpul. Ada juga yang bertanya kenapa gue jarang hang out bersama. Mungkin
kalian juga sudah tau jawabannya apa atas gerak-gerik gue kalau ada dia ikut
bergabung. Sekarang sosok gue mulai dilupakan oleh geng Le Min itu. Jika ada
acara hang out, gue mulai ga dihubungin lagi. Walaupun hanya basa-basi tapi gue
hargai semua itu teman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ingin rasanya gue membuang perasaan
suka yang konyol ini jauh-jauh dan kembali berkumpul, tapi kini keadaannya
telah berbeda. Rasanya teman-teman gue mulai comfort dengan dia dibandingkan
gue. Perlahan-lahan sosok gue mulai digantikan dengannya. Jujur di dalam hati
gue, gue lebih memilih ketawa bersama kalian lagi teman. Seandainya dulu tidak terlalu sering memandang wajahnya. Seandainya rasa ini tidak pernah hadir. Seandainya perasaan dan rasa ini tak terungkap, mungkin kebisuan ini tidak pernah hadir.......</span></div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-1103132402421860352013-02-12T10:07:00.003-08:002013-02-12T10:23:26.920-08:00Hair Modelling <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYO6WndQJdOZhHPmwIcwO2VUkn1ewUB3d2Yg6JUf8hel-1NHUezDyyms68rzxrzbLOKpR75n6fEuRAEOkhaAhR07VYfaMLl-a_LxtMKvpUKJW6F6AnFejKqmM8n3VddontmhWkHuDZoa0/s1600/coverBuku.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYO6WndQJdOZhHPmwIcwO2VUkn1ewUB3d2Yg6JUf8hel-1NHUezDyyms68rzxrzbLOKpR75n6fEuRAEOkhaAhR07VYfaMLl-a_LxtMKvpUKJW6F6AnFejKqmM8n3VddontmhWkHuDZoa0/s640/coverBuku.png" width="441" /></a></div>
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<b>Kata Pengantar</b></div>
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<span class="T3"> </span><span class="T1">Puji
syukur atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan nikmat
dan karunia-Nya sehingga kami sebagai tim penyusun dapat menyelesaikan
penulisan e-book yang berjudul “Hair”Modelling”. Penulisan e-book ini
ditujukan kepada Fakultas Teknologi Industri Jurusan Teknik Informatika,
Universitas Gunadarma.</span></div>
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E-book ini
bertujuan untuk memberikan penjelasan tentang Hair Modelling serta
penerapannya dengan menggunakan software blender. Kami dari tim penulis
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak I Made Wiryana yang telah
memberikan bimbingan maupun arahan kepada kami sehingga kami bisa
menyelesaikan pembuatan e-book ini. Kami juga berterima kasih juga
kepada teman-teman kelas 3IA03 yang telah turut membantu dalam
memberikan informasi tentang tata cara penulisan di software Lyx. </div>
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Kami
menyadari bahwa penulisan e-book ini masih sederhana. Untuk itu kami
sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun. Namun demikian kami
berharap semoga penulisan e-book ini dapat bermanfaat khususnya bagi
kami dan pembaca pada umumnya.</div>
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Depok, Februari 2013</div>
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Tim Penulis</div>
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</div>
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1.1 Latar Belakang</div>
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Ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi sekarang ini sangat berkembang, sehingga
manusia dituntut agar dapat mengikuti perkembangannya. Hal ini terlihat
dengan banyaknya bermunculan perangkat lunak untuk membuat suatu objek
2D atau 3D.</div>
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Perangkat lunak yang
sedang berkembang pada saat ini adalah aplikasi Blender. Blender
menawarkan sesuatu yang menarik yaitu menambahkan animasi rambut dan
bulu. Perbaikan terbaru termasuk animasi refresh system , di perbaharui
menjadi system partikel yang juga dapat di gunakan untuk memanipulasi
rambut dan bulu. Bagian dari perkembangan yang dipupuk oleh Summer
Google kode program , dimana yayasan Blender telah berpartisipasi sejak
tahun 2005. Versi rilis stabil saat ini yaitu 2.64a , versi sebelumnya
adalah 2.63a yang di rilis pada mei 2012.</div>
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Pada
saat ini banyak sekali film animasi yang semakin memperlihatkan
resolusi yang tinggi yang menciptakan karya yang begitu realistic.
Terutama pada bagian rambut suatu animasi. Film-film animasi yang
menggunakan perangkat lunak Blender ini yaitu Big Buck Bunny , Sintel ,
Tears Of Steel dan masih banyak lagi. Film tersebut menunjukan bahwa
film animasi sekarang semakin berkembang , sehingga muncul banyak sekali
perangkat lunak 3D lainnya.</div>
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Pada
umumnya terdapat perngkat lunak Blender ini muncul kesulitan seseorang
untuk mempelajarinya dikarenakan sumber referensi pembelajaran yang
kurang lengkap. Maka dari itu kami ini ingin membuat suatu “Hair
Modeling in Blender”. Ini untuk mempermudah pembaca mempelajari dan
meningkatkan pengetahuannya tentang pembuatan rambut pada Blender.</div>
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1.2 Tujuan Penulisan</div>
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Adapun tujuan dari pembuatan e-book Hair Modelling ini adalah : </div>
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1. Melengkapi salah satu syarat tugas yang diberikan dalam mata kuliah Desain Pemodelan Grafis. </div>
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2. Mempersiapkan penguasaan softskill mahasiswa yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam dunia kerja. </div>
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3. Melatih kemampuan penalaran dan kerjasama tim dalam memecahkan sebuah kasus. </div>
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4. Melatih kemampuan meriset suatu permasalahan dalam study kasus.</div>
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1.3 Metode Penulisan </div>
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Pada
penulisan ini, kami selaku tim pembuat menggunakan metode penulisan
studi pustaka. Tahap yang dilakukan dalam pembuatan hair modelling
adalah:</div>
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1. Tahap Perencanaan (Planning) yaitu menentukan pembahasan dalam penulisan serta perencanaan pembuatan hair modelling.</div>
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2.
Tahap Analisa (Analisys) pada tahap ini kami melakukan pencarian
informasi yang dibutuhkan, seperti sumber data yang diperlukan berupa
tutorial pembuatan hair modelling melalui streaming video pada
www.youtube.com ataupun searching dari website www.blender.org.</div>
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3.
Tahap Desain (Design) pada tahap ini kami memulai dengan membuat
perancangan model rambut yang akan dibuat dari data yang telah didapat
sebelumnya.</div>
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4. Tahap Implementasi
(Implementation), pada tahap ini kami sebagai tim penulis coba membuat
beberapa efek sederhana dari permodelan yang telah dibuat. Sampai pada
tahap percobaan rendering untuk melihat hasil akhir yang kami dapat.</div>
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1.4 Batasan Masalah</div>
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Dalam
penyusunan e-book Hair Modelling ini kami membatasi ruang lingkup yang
akan kami bahas. Kami hanya akan membahas bagaimana proses pembuatan
hair modeling yaitu membuat bagaimana model rambut yang dibuat dengan
sehelai-helai rambut yang kemudian akan dikenakan efffect bagaimana
gerakan rambut itu tertiup oleh angin. Hasil yang nantinya dicapai akan
membuat sedikit animasi/gambaran bagaimana hair modelling itu sehingga
terlihat nyata dengan hembusan angin sebagai effectnya.</div>
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1.5 Permasalahan Pokok</div>
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<span class="T1">Permasalahan
pokok yang kami dapatkan adalah sedikitnya tutorial yang membahas
tentang effect hair modelling dan proses pembuatan hair model itu
sendiri dan kami juga sedikit kesulitan dengan software Lyx sebagai
dokumentasi e-book ini karena kami terbiasa dengan Microsoft Office dan
Open Office, tapi kami belajar dari kekurangan kami dan hanya
bermodalkan niat, tekad, dan </span><span class="T1">kerjasama tim akhirnya e-book ini dapat selesai tepat pada waktunya.</span></div>
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1.6 Sistematika Penulisan </div>
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Dalam penulisan e-book Hair Modeling ini dibagi menjadi 5 bab yaitu: </div>
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•
BAB I : Pendahuluan. Bab ini berisi pendahuluan yang menerangkan
tentang latar belakang, tujuan penulisan, metode penulisan, batasan
masalah, permasalahan pokok, dan sistematika penulisan. </div>
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BAB II: Konsep Hair Modelling. Bab ini berisi tentang Penjelasan
tentang konsep tersebut. Dapat menggunakan penjelasan matematika,
algoritma, contoh ataupun juga sejarah dikembangkannya konsep ini
termasuk orang yang mengembangkannya. </div>
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BAB III: Perangkat lunak, perangkat bantu yang menerapkan konsep Hair
Modelling tersebut. Didalam bab ini, kami menjelaskan software apa yang
dipakai dalam Hair Modelling, sejarah software tersebut, versi software
tersebut, fitur, serta perbandingan dengan software lainnya. </div>
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•
BAB IV: Kasus/contoh pemanfaatan perangkat lunak tersebut untuk konsep
Hair Modelling Didalam bab ini, membahas tentang Kasus/contoh
pemanfaatan perangkat lunak tersebut untuk konsep Hair Modelling .</div>
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•
BAB V: Penutup. Bab ini berisi saran dan isi kesimpulan dari pembuatan
Hair Modelling serta daftar pustaka yang menjadi referensi kami dalam
menyusun e-book Hair Modelling ini.<br />
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/125149521/Hair-Modelling">Lihat disini untuk lebih jelas</a> </div>
fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-24218817646619399222012-03-04T07:57:00.002-08:002012-03-04T08:00:42.069-08:00Internet<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQffsZ2M_pHp4mZ5gPlPTS_9NiIEnPasvAKSWm0MS1eH7mx1g4RznRmhi1-9pOBwY_2QAcNHDf2L9mXoDveQ5xmcAUISsEkeJmkmjQtnbimiCtZIrV_kkj_dt-FhJAe0vJktjggZigec8/s1600/internet_pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQffsZ2M_pHp4mZ5gPlPTS_9NiIEnPasvAKSWm0MS1eH7mx1g4RznRmhi1-9pOBwY_2QAcNHDf2L9mXoDveQ5xmcAUISsEkeJmkmjQtnbimiCtZIrV_kkj_dt-FhJAe0vJktjggZigec8/s1600/internet_pic1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penulisan blog saya kali ini saya akan mengupas tuntas apa
itu </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERNET. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam era global yang
semakin merajalela ini, masyarakat tidak lepas dari apa itu internet. Mulai dari
anak-anak sampai orang dewasa pun tidak lepas dari internet. Jejaring sosial
salah satu fasilitas yang berasal dari internet yang banyak digemari masyarakat
saat ini. Orang bahkan rela menghabiskan banyak waktu berinternetan seperti
bermain games online, ngeKaskus, belanja online, bahkan surfing data sekalipun.
Banyak sekali manfaat internet, tapi sekarang saya akan mebahas tentang
internet. Internet berasal dari kata <i>Interconnection-Networking</i> yang mempunyai arti hubungan berbagai komputer dengan berbagai tipe yang membentuk sistem jaringan yang mencakup seluruh dunia dengan melalui jalur telekomunikasi seperti telepon.
I</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #191919; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nternet
merupakan sistem global jaringan komputer yang berhubungan menggunakan standar
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP / IP) untuk melayani miliaran pengguna di seluruh
dunia. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TCP
( Transmission Control Protocol ) yang memastikan bahwa semua hubungan bekerja dengan
benar, sedangkan IP ( Internet Protocol ) yang mentransmisikan data dari satu
komputer ke komputer lain. TCP/IP secara umum antara lain berfungsi untuk
memilih rute terbaik transmisi data, memilih rute alternatif jika suatu rute
tidak dapat digunakan, mengatur dan mengirimkan paket-paket pengiriman data dan
lain-lain. TCP/IP ini </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #191919; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> terdiri dari jutaan jaringan pribadi,
umum, akademik, bisnis, dan jaringan pemerintah, dari lokal ke lingkup global,
yang dihubungkan oleh sebuah kode array yang luas dari teknologi jaringan
elektronik, nirkabel dan optik. Internet juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai
interkoneksi seluruh dunia komputer dan jaringan komputer yang memfasilitasi
sharing atau pertukaran informasi di antara pengguna. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Internet tidak terbentuk
dari hanya suatu jaringan, melainkan terbentuk dari banyak jaringan. Untuk
menghubungkan jaringan–jaringan komputer diperlukan <b><u>Router</u></b> dan <b><u>Gateway</u></b>.
Mengirimkan paket informasi antar jaringan. Hanya paket informasi yang
ditujukan ke luar jaringan yang akan dikirim, selebihnya tidak akan keluar dari
jaringan, begitu pula sebaliknya. Untuk dapat terhubung dengan Internet,
perlu adanya koneksi ke <i>internet</i> <b><u>Gateway</u></b>. Salah
satu contoh Internet Gateway adalah Online services atau <b><u>ISP</u> ( <i>Internet
Service Provider</i> ). </b>ISP adalah suatu jasa layanan koneksi
Internet untuk jaringan komputer yang terhubung kepadanya. Perusahaan ISP
yang ada di Indonesia:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Telkom<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>IndoNet<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>CBN Net<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>RadNet<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Pacific Link<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span>Centrin<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>AstiNet<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah intenet dimulai pada 1969 ketika
Departemen Pertahanan Amerika, U.S.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)
memutuskan untuk</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">mengadakan riset tentang bagaimana caranya
menghubungkan sejumlah komputer</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">sehingga membentuk jaringan organik. Program riset
ini dikenal dengan nama</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">ARPANET. Pada 1970, sudah lebih dari 10 komputer
yang berhasil dihubungkan satu</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">sama lain sehingga mereka bisa saling berkomunikasi
dan membentuk sebuah jaringan.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Tahun 1972, Roy Tomlinson berhasil menyempurnakan
program e-mail yang ia ciptakan</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">setahun yang lalu untuk ARPANET. Program e-mail
ini begitu mudah sehingga langsung</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">menjadi populer. Pada tahun yang sama, icon @juga
diperkenalkan sebagai lambang</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">penting yang menunjukkan "at" atau
"pada". Tahun 1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">mulai dikembangkan ke luar Amerika Serikat.
Komputer University College di London</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">merupakan komputer pertama yang ada di luar
Amerika yang menjadi anggota jaringan</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Arpanet. Pada tahun yang sama, dua orang ahli
komputer yakni Vinton Cerf dan Bob</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Kahn mempresentasikan sebuah gagasan yang lebih
besar, yang menjadi cikal bakal</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">pemikiran internet. Ide ini dipresentasikan untuk
pertama kalinya di Universitas Sussex.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Hari bersejarah berikutnya adalah tanggal 26 Maret
1976, ketika Ratu Inggris berhasil</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">mengirimkan e-mail dari Royal Signals and Radar
Establishment di Malvern. Setahun</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">kemudian, sudah lebih dari 100 komputer yang
bergabung di ARPANET membentuk</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">sebuah jaringan atau network. Pada 1979, Tom
Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin,</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">menciptakan newsgroups pertama yang diberi nama
USENET. Tahun 1981 France</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Telecom menciptakan gebrakan dengan meluncurkan
telpon televisi pertama, dimana</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">orang bisa saling menelpon sambil berhubungan
dengan video link.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Karena komputer yang membentuk jaringan semakin
hari semakin banyak, maka</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">dibutuhkan sebuah protokol resmi yang diakui oleh
semua jaringan. Pada tahun 1982</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">dibentuk Transmission Control Protocol atau TCP
dan Internet Protokol atau IP yang kita</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">kenal semua. Sementara itu di Eropa muncul
jaringan komputer tandingan yang dikenal</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">dengan Eunet, yang menyediakan jasa jaringan
komputer di negara-negara Belanda,</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Inggris, Denmark dan Swedia. Jaringan Eunet
menyediakan jasa e-mail dan newsgroup</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">USENET.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Untuk menyeragamkan alamat di jaringan komputer
yang ada, maka pada tahun 1984</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang kini kita
kenal dengan DNS atau Domain</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Name System. Komputer yang tersambung dengan jaringan
yang ada sudah melebihi</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">1000 komputer lebih. Pada 1987 jumlah komputer
yang tersambung ke jaringan</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">melonjak 10 kali lipat manjadi 10.000 lebih.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Tahun 1988, Jarko Oikarinen dari Finland menemukan
dan sekaligus memperkenalkan</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">IRC atau Internet Relay Chat. Setahun kemudian,
jumlah komputer yang saling</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">berhubungan kembali melonjak 10 kali lipat dalam
setahun. Tak kurang dari 100.000</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">komputer kini membentuk sebuah jaringan. Tahun
1990 adalah tahun yang paling</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">bersejarah, ketika Tim Berners Lee menemukan program
editor dan browser yang bisa</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">menjelajah antara satu komputer dengan komputer
yang lainnya, yang membentuk</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">jaringan itu. Program inilah yang disebut www,
atau Worl Wide Web.</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Tahun 1992, komputer yang saling tersambung
membentuk jaringan sudah melampaui</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">sejuta komputer, dan di tahun yang sama muncul
istilah surfing the internet. Tahun</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">1994, situs internet telah tumbuh menjadi 3000
alamat halaman, dan untuk pertama</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">kalinya virtual-shopping atau e-retail muncul di
internet. Dunia langsung berubah. Di</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">tahun yang sama Yahoo! didirikan, yang juga
sekaligus kelahiran Netscape Navigator</span></span><br style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">1.0.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvz2ekY1MfoNdhbdIbmsleOOQg8S0Uy_CRB90HT9oc3TxHPsbJGqzQ_JYGJmixag9J7kElg5qZzfcmQOUeSc_9EjPrVStC7Vbgk25DqFVOZlJEVbO1LTkkrWhUKF-STvgoVzpLg9X7DPo/s1600/sejarah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvz2ekY1MfoNdhbdIbmsleOOQg8S0Uy_CRB90HT9oc3TxHPsbJGqzQ_JYGJmixag9J7kElg5qZzfcmQOUeSc_9EjPrVStC7Vbgk25DqFVOZlJEVbO1LTkkrWhUKF-STvgoVzpLg9X7DPo/s320/sejarah.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f7f7f7; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi koneksi
internet ada bermacam-macam bentuknya seperti hotspot, GPRS, dan WAP. Disini
saya akan membahasnya satu persatu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="IN">Hotspot</span></b> adalah <span lang="IN">area dimana internet dapat diakses dengan perangkat yang telah berteknologi
<i>Wi-Fi</i>, seperti laptop (notebook) dan PDA. Dengan demikian akses internet
nirkabel dapat dinikmati. disebut nirkabel karena koneksi antara penyedia jasa
internet dan pemakainya tidak tersambung dengan kabel melainkan melalui
gelombang radio</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>GPRS </b>atau <i>General Packet Radio
Services</i> adalah sistem koneksi internet yang menggunakan perangkat GSM,
dengan GPRS panggilan voice dapat dilakukan secara bersamaan dengan transmisi
data.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b>WAP</b> atau <i>Wireless Application Protocol</i> (WAP) merupakan spesifikasi global dan terbuka yang mampu
memberdayakan pengguna piranti mobile untuk dapat dengan mudah mengakses dan
berinteraksi dengan informasi dan layanan secara instan. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Didalam kita berInternetan terdapat banyak sekali istilah-istilah
seperti WWW, Web, Web Site, Web Pages,
Homepages dan Browser. Kini saya akan coba membahasnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WWW</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<i>World Wide Web</i>),
merupakan kumpulan Web Server dari seluruh dunia yang berfungsi menyediakan data dan informasi
untuk dapat digunakan bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">WEB</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah Fasilitas hiperteks untuk menampilkan data berupa teks, gambar,
bunyi, animasi dan data multimedia lainnya, yang di antara data tersebut saling berhubungan satu sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Web Site</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan tempat penyimpanan data dan informasi dengan
berdasarkan topik tertentu. Diumpamakan situs Web ini adalah sebuah buku yang berisi topik tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Web Pages</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan sebuah halaman khusus dari situs Web tertentu.
Diumpamakan halaman Web ini adalah sebuah halaman khusus buku dari situs Web tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Browser</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan program aplikasi yang digunakan untuk memudahkan Anda
melakukan navigasi berbagai data dan informasi pada WWW. Contoh browser
diantaranya: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Netscape, Konqueror, Galeon,
Google Chrome, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://caramembuatada.blogspot.com/2011/10/pengertian-internet-adalah.html">http://caramembuatada.blogspot.com/2011/10/pengertian-internet-adalah.html</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://yudhim.blogspot.com/2008/02/sejarah-internet.html">http://yudhim.blogspot.com/2008/02/sejarah-internet.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://members.tripod.com/octa_haris/internet.html">http://members.tripod.com/octa_haris/internet.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.aalil.com/pengertian-internet.html">http://www.aalil.com/pengertian-internet.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></div>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-63248534801854108462011-12-01T08:06:00.000-08:002011-12-01T08:06:27.682-08:00Musik Digital<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan musik di era sekarang ini sudah cukup canggih. Dengan media player yang kecil seperti mp3 player, orang bisa memutar ,musik dimana pun dan kapan pun. Pada saat ini kita sudah tidak asing lagi dengan namanya musik digital. <span style="color: black;">Musik Digital adalah reproduksi suara dari sinyal digital yang telah dirobah keasalnya menjadi sinyal analog, perekaman suara digital dengan cara pengkodean angka biner hasil dari perobahan sinyal suara analog dengan bantuan frekuensi sampling. Musik digital bisa juga berasal dari suara sintesis, contoh peralatan sumber suara sintetis MIDI merupakan sumber suara digital berbagai instrumen musik yang bisa dimainkan oleh pemusik. Bentuk penyimpanan sinyal digital dalam media berbasis teknologi komputer. Format digital dapat menyimpan data dalam jumlah besar, jangka panjang dan berjaringan luas. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah perkembangan musik:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="" name="Piringan_Hitam_diputar_dengan_Gramophone"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Piringan Hitam</span> diputar dengan <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gramophone</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Awalnya, piringan hitam merupakan sebuah alat yang memiliki pena yang bergetar untuk menghasilkan bunyi dari sebuah disc. Ide ini berasal dari Charles Cros dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perancis</span></a> pada tahum <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1887</span>. Namun sayangnya tidak pernah terwujud. Pada tahun yang sama, Thomas A. Edison menemukan <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Phonograph</span> (pemutar piringan hitam) yang berfungsi untuk merekam suara yang kebanyakan digunakan untuk keperluan kantor. Nama Gramophone berasal dari Emilie Berliner yang pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1888</span> menemukan piringan hitam jenis baru dan mematenkannya di bawah label Berliner Gramaphone. Pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1918</span> masa pematenan berakhir, semua label pun berlomba-lomba untuk memproduksi piringan hitam. Pada masa itu, kebanyakan pemilik gramophone masih terbatas pada kalangan menengah atas saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="" name="Kaset_diputar_dengan_tape.2C_walkman"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaset"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kaset</span></a> diputar dengan tape, walkman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Compact audio cassette</span> diperkenalkan oleh Philips sebagai media penyimpanan audio di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Eropa</span></a> pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1963</span>. Kemudian pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1965</span> mulai diproduksi secara massal. Pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1971</span>, Advent Corporation memperkenalkan Model 201 tape deck yang mengkombinasikan filter Dolby Type B dan pita magnetik chromium dioxide (Cr02). Tahun 1980an muncul Walkman dari Sony sebagai media <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemutar&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pemutar</span></a> kaset portable. Pita kaset dapat merekam lagu dengan durasi hingga 1 jam di setiap sisinya. Kualitasnya cukup baik namun kerap kali terjadi penurunan kualitas suara yang dihasilkan ketika pita kaset mengalami gangguan, kotor atau rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="" name="DAT_.28Digital_Audio_Tape.29"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAT (Digital Audio Tape)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digital Audio Tape merupakan rekaman digital yang memakai pita magnetik, tapi sayang waktu kemunculannya dipasaran luas kedahuluan rekaman digital pada kepingan CD, sehingga tidak banyak dikenal orang, hanya dari kalangan tertentu saja yang memiliki, hal ini pada masa itu waktu peralihan dari rekaman analog ke rekaman digital pihak produsen DAT kurang berani melempar ke pasaran luas karena perekaman digital jika di-copy hasilnya akan persis sama dengan yang asli yaitu distorsi suara tidak terdeteksi. Sedang pihak dari rekaman CD berani spekulasi untuk memproduksi rekaman diatas kepingan CD untuk dipasarkan secara luas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="" name="CD.2C_VCD.2C_DVD_diputar_dengan_CD_playe"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD, VCD, DVD diputar dengan CD player, discman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CD dibuat dengan cara perekaman sinyal yang berbeda dari generasi perekaman sebelumnya, perekaman pada piringan hitam dan perekaman pita magnetik bentuk perekamannya berupa sinyal analog, sedangkan perekaman dipermukaan kepingan CD berupa sinyal digital yaitu pengkodean sinyal 0 dan sinyal 1, hal ini dalam usaha untuk merampingkan media penyimpanan musik dengan memperbaiki kualitas suara yang dihasilkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada November <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1984</span></a>, dua tahun setelah CD diproduksi secara massal, Sony mengeluarkan Discman sebagai media pemutar portable. Musik dalam format CD, VCD maupun DVD memiliki kualitas suara yang lebih baik tetapi tetap mengalami gangguan jika disc tersebut tergores, berdebu ataupun rusak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><a href="" name="Musik_Digital_diputar_dengan_MP3_Player."></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musik Digital diputar dengan MP3 Player, iPod</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musik Digital menggunakan <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sinyal</span> digital dalam proses reproduksi suaranya. Sebagai proses digitalisasi terhadap format rekaman musik <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">analog</span>, lagu atau musik digital mempunyai beraneka ragam format yang bergantung pada teknologi yang digunakan, yaitu :</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MP3 </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">MP3 (MPEG, Audio Layer 3)</span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> menjadi format paling populer dalam musik digital. Hal ini dikarenakan ukuran filenya yang kecil dengan kualitas yang tidak kalah dengan CD audio. Format ini dikembangkan dan dipatenkan oleh Fraunhofer Institute. Dengan bitrate 128 kbps, file MP3 sudah berkualitas baik. Namun MP3 Pro-format penerus MP3-menawarkan kualitas yang sama dengan bitrate setengah dari MP3. MP3 Pro kompatibel dengan MP3. Pemutar MP3 dapat memainkan file MP3 Pro-namun kualitas suaranya tidak sebagus peranti yang mendukung MP3 Pro.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WAV </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">WAV</span> merupakan standar suara de-facto di Windows. Awalnya hasil ripping dari CD direkam dalam format ini sebelum dikonversi ke format lain. Namun sekarang tahap ini sering dilewati karena <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">file</span> dalam format ini biasanya tidak dikompresi dan karenanya berukuran besar.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAC </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AAC adalah singkatan dari <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Advanced Audio Coding</span>. Format ini merupakan bagian standar Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), sejak standar MPEG-2 diberlakukan pada tahun <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1997</span>. Sample rate yang ditawarkan sampai 96 KHz-dua kali MP3. Format ini digunakan Apple pada toko musik online-nya, iTunes. Kualitas musik dalam format ini cukup baik bahkan pada bitrate rendah. <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">iPod</span>, pemutar musik digital portabel dari Apple, adalah peranti terkemuka yang mendukung format ini.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WMA </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Format yang ditawarkan Microsoft, Windows Media Audio (WMA) ini disukai para vendor musik online karena dukungannya terhadap Digital Rights Management (DRM). DRM adalah fitur untuk mencegah pembajakan musik, hal yang sangat ditakuti oleh studio musik saat ini. Kelebihan WMA lainnya adalah kualitas musik yang lebih baik daripada MP3 maupun AAC. Format ini cukup populer dan didukung oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranti"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">peranti</span></a> lunak dan peranti keras terbaru pada umumnya.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ogg Vorbis </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ogg Vorbis</span> merupakan satu-satunya format file yang terbuka dan gratis. Format lain yang disebutkan di atas umumnya dipatenkan dan pengembang peranti lunak atau pembuat peranti keras harus membayar lisensi untuk produk yang dapat memainkan file dengan format terkait.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari segi kualitas, kelebihan Ogg Vorbis adalah kualitas yang tinggi pada <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bitrate</span> rendah dibandingkan format lain. Peranti lunak populer, Winamp dan pelopor pemutar MP3 portabel Rio sudah mendukung format ini dalam model terbarunya. Walaupun demikian dukungan peranti keras terhadap format ini masih jarang.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Real Audio </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu format yang biasa ditemukan pada bitrate rendah. Format dari RealNetworks ini umumnya digunakan dalam layanan streaming audio. Pada bitrate 128 kbps ke atas RealAudio menggunakan standar AAC MPEG-4.</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MIDI </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Format audio satu ini lebih cocok untuk suara yang dihasilkan oleh <span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">synthesizer</span> atau peranti elektronik lainnya, tetapi tidak cocok untuk hasil konversi dari suara analog karena tidak terlalu akurat. File dengan format ini berukuran kecil dan sering digunakan dalam ponsel sebagai ringtone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><a href="" name="Musik_Digital_sebagai_Inovasi_Baru"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musik Digital sebagai Inovasi Baru</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inovasi baru di bidang musik adalah musik digital. Dengan format MP3, OOG, atau WAV musik digital mulai mengeluarkan gaungnya. Banyaknya pemutar musik digital yang mendukung format ini membuat era baru musik digital. Misalnya kalau sebelumnya, musik di-ripped- istilah untuk ekstraksi audio digital – dan terperangkap di PC dan Mac dengan aplikasi semacam iTunes. Kini dengan hadirnya iPod sebagai peranti musik portable canggih yang pernah diciptakan, terjadi perpaduan kenyamanan web dengan portabilitas dan fungsi sebagai sebuah platform yang benar-benar universal. Hal lain yang mendukung transformasi media sang musik adalah tindakan label-label besar yang meninggalkan sistem proteksi musik digital atau digital right management (DRM). Sampai tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2007</span></a> lalu, label-label besar masih tidak yakin penghapusan DRM akan mendongkrak penjualan album karena tanpa hal tersebut musik digital dengan bebas didisribusikan di antara konsumen yang berarti tak ada pemasukan untuk label.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><a href="" name="Elemen_Pendukung"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elemen Pendukung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa situs yang menyediakan lagu yang dapat diunduh secara langsung (gratis) atau berbayar. Lagu yang ditawarkan berformat digital. Misalnya situs www.napster.com yang cukup digandrungi kala itu namun harus berakhir karena dianggap melanggar hak cipta. Ada pula Insound, Rhapsody, dan Apple iTunes Music Store, Lala.com, mdu04522.com dan lain sebagainya. Selain itu di Indonesia kini ada pula toko musik digital secara online misalnya equionxdmd dan Import hingga Digital Beat Store.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><a href="" name="Keunggulan"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keunggulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musik dalam format digital memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibanding musik dalam medium konvensional, yaitu :</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">format yang beragam dapat disesuaikan dengan teknologi yang digunakan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kualitas copy yang serupa dengan master memudahkan penggandaan dari pihak perusahaan rekaman tanpa menurunkan mutu </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">proses penjualan dengan pendekatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">single</span></a> atau satu lagu terbukti jauh lebih efektif dan efisien ketimbang medium konvensional seperti kaset atau CD </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><a href="" name="Kekurangan"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan segala kelebihannya, musik digital memiliki beberapa kekurangan juga yaitu :</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kemudahan perekaman dan penggandaan rekaman memacu terjadinya pembajakan yang tentu saja akan merugikan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">penyebaran musik digital di Internet tidak bisa sepenuhnya dikontrol oleh label sehingga memengaruhi pemasukan untuk label. (sumber: www.wikipedia.org)</span></li>
</ul>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-9711444665269430252011-10-30T09:04:00.000-07:002011-10-30T09:04:25.934-07:00Perkembangan video game<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Di dalam dewasa ini, video game khususnya game konsole sudah banyak mengalami perubahan.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Generasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertama</div><div class="MsoNormal">Game bermula pada tahun 1972, pada saat itu, orang masih belum mengenal apa itu konsol, apa itu game komputer, yang ada hanya istilah ”video game”, yaitu sebuah permainan elektronik yang menampilkan gambar bergerak (video). Pada tahun 1972 ini, sebuah perusahaan bernama Magnavox meluncurkan video game pertama, yaitu Odyssey.<br />
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Boleh dibilang, Odyssey bukanlah sebuah mesin yang sukses, penjualannya tidak menunjukkan antusias konsumen. Tidak lama berselang, sebuah game arcade legendaris Atari bertitel Pong muncul. Pong merupakan sebuah game sederhana yang mengambil konsep permainan tenis, satu bola dan 2 papan di kiri dan kanan, pemain sebisa mungkin harus berusaha mengembalikan bola ke daerah lawan, tentu kita sudah pernah melihat game yang hingga 2009 ini masih dimainkan.<br />
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Atari merilis Pong dalam bentuk sebuah mesin ding dong bernama Sears. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1975, Magnavox menyerah dan menghentikan produksi Odyssey. Sebagai gantinya, mereka mengikuti jejak Atari, memproduksi mesin ding dong bernama Odyssey 100, yang khusus menyajikan game Pong.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" width="305" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Generasi kedua </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="314" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" width="246" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Pada tahun 1976, Fairchild mencoba menghidupkan kembali dunia video game dengan menciptakan VES (Video Entertainment System). VES adalah mesin pertama yang disebut ”konsol”. Konsol ini menggunakan kaset magnetik yang disebut cartridge. Nah, konsep ini kemudian diikuti oleh beberapa produsen lain, termasuk Atari, Magnavox, dan RCA, ketiga perusahaan tersebut juga merilis konsol serupa.<br />
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Pada tahun 1977, dunia konsol menjadi tidak populer, game-game yang ada tidak berhasil menarik minat. Fairchild dan RCA mengalami kebangkrutan. Praktis, hanya ada Atari dan Magnavox yang masih bertahan di dunia video game. Sekitar tahun 1978, Magnavox meluncurkan Odyssey 2, seperti halnya Odyssey pertama, konsol ini pun gagal menjadi hit. Tak lama berselang, Atari meluncurkan konsol legendaris, Atari 2600, yang terkenal dengan game Space Invaders-nya. Dan mulai tahun 1980, berbagai produsen konsol muncul, dan mereka mengambil Atari 2600 sebagai konsep dasar, perkembangan dunia game pun semakin pesat.<br />
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Tiga tahun berselang, tepatnya tahun 1983, dunia video game kembali ambruk. Game-game yang kurang kreatif membuat konsol kembali mendapat sambutan dingin, apalagi, PC saat itu menjadi semakin canggih. Orang lebih memilih membeli PC ketimbang konsol video game, selain untuk bermain, PC juga produktif untuk bekerja.<br />
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Kampanye seperti inilah yang terjadi di pasar dan membuat hampir seluruh perusahaan konsol mengalami kebangkrutan. Dan tahun 1983 ini menjadi titik di mana game-game komputer (PC Game) semakin berkembang pesat, hingga saat ini. Pelopor PC ber-game saat itu adalah Commodore 64, konsol sekaligus personal computer yang menyediakan tampilan grafis 16-warna dan memiliki kapasitas memori jauh lebih baik dari konsol videogame model apa pun.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>GENERASI KETIGA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Hancurnya dunia konsol, menggugah perusahaan bernama Famicom untuk mencoba industri videogame kembali. Perusahaan Jepang ini menciptakan gebrakan baru, sebuah konsol bernama Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) dirilis di akhir 1983. Konsol ini menampilkan gambar dan animasi resolusi tinggi untuk pertama kalinya. Setelah mendapat sambutan hangat di Jepang, Famicom memperluas pemasarannya ke Amerika, yang dikenal dengan NES (Nintendo Entertainment System). Nintendo memiliki chip pengaman pada cartridge game mereka, dengan demikian seluruh game yang akan dirilis haruslah seijin developer Nintendo. Dan akhirnya, muncul sebuah game legendaris, Super Mario Brothers, yang dibintangi karakter fenomenal yang tetap eksis hingga kini, Mario.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="390" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" width="500" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>Generasi keempat<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NES mendapat sambutan hangat di seluruh dunia, dan sebuah perusahaan bernama Sega mencoba menyaingi Nintendo. Pada tahun 1988, Sega merilis konsol next-generation mereka, Sega Mega Drive (yang juga dikenal dengan Sega Genesis). Konsol ini menyajikan gambar yang lebih tajam dan animasi yang lebih halus dibanding NES. Konsol ini cukup berhasil memberi tekanan, tetapi NES tetap bertahan dengan angka penjualan tinggi. Dua tahun berselang, pada 1990, Nintendo kembali menggebrak dengan konsol next-gen mereka, SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System). Selama 4 tahun, Nintendo dan Sega menjadi bebuyutan, meskipun ada beberapa produsen seperti SNK dengan NeoGeo-nya, NEC dengan TurboGrafx-16 dan Phillips CD-i, tapi kedua konsol mereka begitu handal dan populer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="303" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.png" width="429" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>Generasi kelima<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="226" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.png" width="250" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Mulai dari 1990 sampai 1994, Sega dan Nintendo tetap bersaing. Berbagai game fenomenal dirilis. SNES menyertakan chip Super FX pada cartridge mereka, dan Sega menggunakan Sega Virtua Processor, keduanya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas grafis dari game. Alhasil, SNES dan Sega saling beradu dengan game-game keren seperti Donky Kong Country (SNES) dan Vectorman (Sega).<br />
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Awal generasi kelima dimulai ketika tahun 1993, sebuah perusahaan ternama, Panasonic, merilis konsolnya yang bernama Panasonic 3DO. Ini adalah konsol pertama yang menggunakan CD sebagai pengganti cartridge. Harganya yang sangat mahal membuat konsol ini tidak populer, 3DO tidak bertahan lama dan harus segera menghentikan produksinya<br />
Selanjutnya, tahun 1994, Atari kembali meluncurkan konsol baru untuk menandingi Nintendo dan Sega. Atari Jaguar jelas jauh lebih canggih ketimbang NES maupun Mega Drive, tetapi penggunaannya yang sulit menjadi batu sandungan, belum lagi, pada tahun yang sama, Sony merilis konsol super legendaris, PlayStation. Atari bangkrut dan akhirnya melakukan merger.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="300" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.png" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Konsol basis CD yang pertama kali menuai sukses adalah Sony PlayStation. Konsol Jepang ini segera mendapat sambutan hangat, dan hingga saat ini, PlayStation sudah terjual ratusan juta unit. PlayStation yang juga disebut PS-One merupakan konsol terlaris sepanjang masa. Sega dan Nintendo tampaknya menyadari ketertinggalan mereka dari Sony. Sega kemudian merilis Sega Saturn, dan Nintendo mengeluarkan Nintendo 64. Tapi, sayangnya, duo konsol tersebut udah nggak sekuat dulu lagi.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Generasi keenam</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Setelah jatuhnya Nintendo dan Sega, kini dunia konsol jadi milik Sony. PlayStation menjadi raja dan bisa dibilang tidak memiliki pesaing. Sega mencoba meluncurkan Sega Dreamcast pada 1998 untuk mematahkan dominasi Sony, tetapi kembali gagal, akhirnya pada tahun itu juga, Sega mengundurkan diri dari dunia produsen konsol.<br />
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Sony semakin ’merajalela’ ketika mereka berhasil merilis konsol barunya, PlayStation 2, yang sudah berbasis DVD pada tahun 2000. Nintendo mencoba bertahan di dunia konsol dengan merilis GameCube. Konsol ini tidak menggunakan DVD 12 cm biasa, melainkan DVD yang berukuran lebih kecil, yaitu 8 cm. Ukuran keping medianya yang lagi-lagi nyeleneh membuat GameCube kurang populer.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="300" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.png" width="400" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal">Satu-satunya pesaing serius PlayStation 2 adalah Xbox. Sebuah konsol keluaran Microsoft ini menggebrak dengan tampilan visual yang sangat tajam dan berkualitas yang kala itu lebih menarik dibanding dengan PlayStation 2. Sayangnya game-game Xbox ternyata tidak sepopuler PlayStation 2. Satu game Xbox yang menjadi hit dan cukup fenomenal yaitu Halo. Karena game ini sudah memanfaatkan fasilitas ‘unggul’ dari Microsoft, yaitu Xbox Live.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="353" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.png" width="350" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Generasi ke tujuh</div><div class="MsoNormal"><img align="left" height="295" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="200" />Boleh dibilang, Xbox terlambat meluncur ke pasaran dibanding PlayStation 2, dan support game-game tenar juga sangat minim. Tetapi, Microsoft seolah belajar dari kesalahannya. Pada saat Sony masih melakukan riset untuk konsol PlayStation 3 yang menggunakan Blu-Ray, Microsoft kali ini telah mengambil seribu langkah lebih cepat. Xbox 360, konsol generasi terkini yang memanfaatkan media HD-DVD (nantinya) meluncur pada November 2005 silam.<br />
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Xbox 360 hadir dengan segudang fitur istimewa, mulai dari grafis, hingga titel-titel game terkenal. Di antaranya Best Game of The Year 2006 versi beberapa situs game terkemuka, Gears of War. Apalagi, Xbox Live semakin disempurnakan, dan mendapat sambutan luar biasa dari para gamer.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Kali ini, giliran Sony yang terlambat. PlayStation 3 dirilis pada November 2006, selang seminggu sebelum Nintendo meluncurkan terobosannya, yaitu Nintendo Wii. Posisi PlayStation 3 kurang menguntungkan, selain karena Xbox 360 sudah keburu tenar duluan, Wii juga menawarkan inovasi pada stik kontrol mereka yang ’motion sensitive’. Apalagi, harga konsol terbaru Sony itu merupakan yang paling mahal dibanding dua pesaingnya. Alhasil, penjualan PlayStation 3 menjadi yang terendah di bawah Xbox 360 dan Wii</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span><img height="328" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="292" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> sumber: www.kaskus.us</div>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-74816131741000418212011-10-07T19:51:00.000-07:002011-10-07T19:52:23.673-07:00Budaya Perkembangan Digital Pada Era Sekarang<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disini saya akan coba membahas tentang budaya digital yang ada pada era sekarang ini. Kalau kita berbicara tentang budaya digital pasti tidak akan ada habis-habisnya, mulai dari kapan era digital ini ada, tentang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perkembangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> generasi computer yang semakin lama semakin mutakhir adanya, tentang social network yang semakin lama semakin mudah saja, transaksi apapun sangatlah mudah pada era digital ini, dan masih banyak lagi yang bisa dibahas kalau saya pikir-pikir tidak aka nada habis-habisnya. Nah mari kita mulai studi kasus budaya digital ini. Petama-tama saya akan coba membahas perkembangan computer digital</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komputer digital</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Kalau kita mencoba membahas <span lang="IN">komputer</span><span lang="IN"> </span>digital kita harus tau dulu apa sih computer digital. komputer digital adalah mesin komputer yang diciptakan untuk mengolah data yang bersifat kuantitatif dalam bentuk angka, huruf, tanda baca dan lain-lain. Yang pemrosesnya dilaksanakan berdasarkan teknologi yang mengubah sinyal menjadi kombinasi bilangan 0 dan 1. Merupakan hasil teknologi yang mengubah sinyal menjadi kombinasi urutan bilangan 0 dan 1 (disebut juga dengan biner) untuk proses informasi yang mudah, cepat dan akurat. Sinyal tersebut disebut sebuah bit. Sinyal digital ini memiliki berbagai keistimewaan yang unik yang tidak dapat ditemukan pada teknologi analog, yaitu: 1. Mampu mengirimkan informasi dengan kecepatan cahaya yang dapat membuat informasi dapat dikirim dengan kecepatan tinggi. 2. Penggunaan yang berulang-ulang terhadap informasi tidak memengaruhi kualitas dan kuantitas informasi itu sendiri, 3. Informasi dapat dengan mudah diproses dan dimodifikasi ke dalam berbagai bentuk, 4. Dapat memproses informasi dalam jumlah yang sangat besar dan mengirimnya secara interaktif. Komputer mengolah data yang ada adalah secara digital, melalui sinyal listrik yang diterimanya atau dikirimkannya. Pada prinsipnya, komputer hanya mengenal dua arus, yaitu on atau off, atau istilah dalam angkanya sering juga dikenal dengan 1 (satu) atau 0 (nol). Kombinasi dari arus on atau off inilah yang yang mampu membuat komputer melakukan banyak hal, baik dalam mengenalkan huruf, gambar, suara, bahkan film-film menarik yang anda tonton dalam format digital.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #141414;">Komputer digital pertama, memiliki ukuran yang besar dan membutuhkan biaya besar untuk pembuatannya. Komputer di masa itu umumnya digunakan untuk mengerjakan perhitungan ilmiah. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">ENIAC</span></a>, komputer awal AS ini semula didesain untuk memperhitungkan tabel ilmu balistik untuk persenjataan (artileri), menghitung kerapatan penampang neutron untuk melihat jika <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bom_hidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bom hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">bom hidrogen</span></a> akan bekerja dengan semestinya (perhitungan ini, yang dilakukan pada Desember 1945 sampai Januari 1946 dan melibatkan dala dalam lebih dari satu juta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartu_punch&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kartu punch (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">kartu punch</span></a>, memperlihatkan bentuk lalu di bawah pertimbangan akan gagal). <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSIR_Mk_1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CSIR Mk 1 (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">CSIR Mk 1</span></a>/<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSIRAC&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CSIRAC (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">CSIRAC</span></a>, komputer pertama Australia, mengevaluasi pola curah hujan untuk tempat penampungan dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowy_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Snowy Mountains (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">Snowy Mountains</span></a>, suatu proyek pembangkitan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidroelektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hidroelektrik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">Hidroelektrik</span></a> besar. Selain itu juga dipakai dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriptanalisis" title="Kriptanalisis"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">kriptanalisis</span></a>, misalnya komputer elektronik <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">digital</span></a> yang pertama, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_Colossus" title="Komputer Colossus"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">Colossus</span></a>, dibuat selama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">Perang Dunia II</span></a>. Akan tetapi, visionaris awal juga menyangka bahwa pemrograman itu akan membolehkan main catur, memindahkan gambar dan penggunaan lain.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #141414;">Orang-orang di pemerintah dan perusahaan besar juga memakai komputer untuk mengotomasikan banyak koleksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">data</span></a> dan mengerjakan tugas yang sebelumnya dikerjakan oleh manusia - misalnya, memelihara dan memperbarui rekening dan inventaris. Dalam bidang pendidikan, ilmuwan di berbagai bidang mulai memakai komputer untuk analisa mereka sendiri. Penurunan harga komputer membuat mereka dapat dipakai oleh organisasi yang lebih kecil. Bisnis, organisasi, dan pemerintah sering menggunakan amat banyak komputer kecil untuk menyelesaikan tugas bahwa dulunya dilakukan oleh komputer kerangka utama yang mahal dan besar. Kumpulan komputer yang lebih kecil di satu lokasi diserahkan ke sebagai perkebunan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server" title="Server"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">server</span></a>.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #141414;">Dengan penemuan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroprosesor" title="Mikroprosesor"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">mikroprosesor</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970" title="1970"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">1970</span></a>-an, menjadi mungkin menghasilkan komputer yang sangat murah. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputer_pribadi_%28PC%29" title="Komputer pribadi (PC)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">PC</span></a> menjadi populer untuk banyak tugas, termasuk menyimpan buku, menulis dan mencetak dokumen. Perhitungan meramalkan dan lain berulang matematika dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembatang_sebar" title="Lembatang sebar"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">lembatang sebar</span></a>, berhubungan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-pos" title="E-pos"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">e-pos</span></a> dan, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">Internet</span></a>. Namun, ketersediaan luas komputer dan mudah customization sudah melihat mereka dipakai untuk banyak maksud lain.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #141414;">Sekaligus, komputer kecil, biasanya dengan mengatur memrogram, mulai menemukan cara mereka ke dalam alat lain seperti peralatan rumah, mobil, pesawat terbang, dan perlengkapan industri. Yang ini prosesor <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_benam" title="Sistem benam"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">benam</span></a> menguasai kelakuan alat seperti itu yang lebih mudah, membolehkan kelakuan kontrol yang lebih kompleks (untuk kejadian, perkembangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-kunci_rem&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anti-kunci rem (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #141414; text-decoration: none;">anti-kunci rem</span></a> di mobil). Saat abad kedua puluh satu dimulai, kebanyakan alat listrik, kebanyakan bentuk angkutan bertenaga, dan kebanyakan batas produksi pabrik dikuasai di samping komputer. Kebanyakan insinyur meramalkan bahwa ini cenderung kepada akan terus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Budaya Digital</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pekembangan dunia digital sudah mancapai semua aspek dari segi bisnis, ekonomi, hiburan, transportasi, dll. Karena dengan digital dapat lebih efisien dan lebih akurat dalam proses pengerjaannya dibandingkan dengan kinerja manusia yang memiliki rasa lelah. Hal ini lah yang sudah dipakai di seluruh Negara didunia baik Negara maju maupun Negara berkembang, di dunia ekonomi seluruh pembisnis sudah dapat melakukan transaksi online diman transaksi tersebut dimana transaksi tersebut lebih bermanfaat karena kita dapat melakukan dimana saja dan dalam keadaan apa saja. Kita dapat menggunakan laptop, telepom genggam atau apa saja yang terkoneksi dengan internet untuk melakukan transaksi online. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjamurnya penggunaan produk digital, telah membentuk berbagai komunitas maya, interaksi sosial dan ekonomi yang dulu ditentukan ruang, dan waktu, kini tidak lagi relevan. Beragama informasi, mulai undangan perkawinan, berita kelahiran dan kematian, ucapan selamat dan dukacita, bahkan gossip pun cukup dikirim melalui sms. Dalam hitungan detik, ribuan, puluhan bahkan ratusan ribu dapat dijangkau. Penjualan dan pemasaran kini terjadi secara virtual tanpa harus menempuh jarak fisik dan memakan waktu yang lama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Transaksi online menggunakan telepon genggam. Ini juga lah yang sudah menjadi perkembangan alat komunikasi didunia. Sekarang telepon genggam multifungsi dapat melakukan banyak hal tidak hanya untuk telepon atau sekedar mengirim pesan singkat. Telepon yang ada sekarang sudah mampu untuk melakukan banyak hal seperti menyimpan lagu, camera untuk mengambil gambar atau foto, akses internet untuk tambahan komunikasi, bahkan dari segi hiburan handphone sekarang sudah ada yang bisa untuk menonton televisi. Hamper semua orang di dunia ini sudah memiliki alat komunikasi tersebut bahkan pada zaman sekarang alat komunikasi itu sepertinya wajib baik dari kalangan atas, kalangan menengah maupun kalangan bawah. Dan sudah banyak orang yang menggantungkan hidupnya dengan handphone.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak hanya didunia komunikasi, sarana umum juga sekarang sudah menggunakan digital yang dapat lebih efisien dan lebih teratur. Contohnya adalah lampu lau lintas. Itu merupakan salah satu alat digital yang sudah ada diseluruh tempat untuk mengatur arus lalu lintas sehingga tugas polisi dapat menjadi lebih ringan dengan ada nya lampu lalu lintas tersebut. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dunia pendidikan tak terkecuali. Sekolah Cyber -istilah untuk sekolah maya-membuat seluruh kelas yang sama dan terletak dimana-mana dapat belajar dan berinteraktif dengan satu guru. Administrasi kantor pun bisa dikerjakan di rumah, sehingga wanita akan dapat lebih banyak mengurus anak sambil bekerja. Kita bayangkan, dalam waktu relatif, banyak pengajian cyber yang akan tumbuh, yang berpusat di berbagai pesantren, yang akan melayani berbagai komunitas dengan kebutuhan yang beragam pula. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang dibicarakan diatas adalah dari sisi positif dari dunia digital yang sangat cepat berkembang sehingga kita tidak dapat menghentikannya, tetapi dari sisi yang berbeda perkembangan dunia digital juga memiliki sisi negative.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sisi negative dari perkembanagan dunia digital adalah penyalah gunaan perkembangan tekhnologi. banyak yang memanfaatkan perkembangan tekhnologi untuk melakukan hal yang jahat seperti pencurian, perampokan, penipuan dan untuk aksi pendukung teroris. Dari segi pencurian sudah banyak hacker yang menggunakan perkembangan tekhnologi untuk mengambil uang dari rekening orang lain yang tidak dia kenal. Dan ada pun dari segi penipuan sudah banyak orang yang menipu dengan memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi yang menggunakan telepon genggam, dll. Dan sudah banyak yang menjadi korban.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak hanya orang dewasa yang menjadi korban dari perkembangan dunia digital, hal yang paling parah adalah anak kecil yang menjadi korban yang sangat besar dari perkembangan dunia digital. Anak kecil sekarang sudah dapat menggunakan barang-barang dunia digital seperti akses internet tiada batas, hal yang anak kecil belum cukup umur untuk mengetahuinya tapi mereka dapat segera tau karena akses yang tiada batas di dunia internet. Anak kecil dan remaja sangatlah labil dan masih butuh bimbingan oleh karena itu peran orang tua sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan mental anaknya. Dan anak-anak zaman sekarang pun lebih suka menonton televisi dan bermain game dibandingkan dengan main teman-temannya diluar rumah yang menggerakan anggota tubuhnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <u>edwinghofamz.wordpress.com</u></span></div>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5303936293294327952.post-73605582018031724902011-09-25T00:17:00.000-07:002011-09-25T00:17:04.607-07:00Perbedaan suka,sayang dan cinta<div class="mbl notesBlogText clearfix"><div>Kalian tau perbedaan antara suka, sayang dan cinta. Dikala kalian menyukai seseorang anda mungkin terobsesi bagaimana bisa mendapatkan sebuah kissing dari si doi. Dan bagaimana kalau kalian sayang dengan seseorang, kalian mungkin mendapatkan pelukan dari si doi saja hati kalian akan tentram bagai terbang ke langit ke tujuh. Tapi bagaimana kalau kalian CINTA sama dia mungkin dengan kalian bisa bergandengan tangan saja dengan si dia itu bukan main perasaan senangnya bagaikan anda bukan diri anda sendiri. Fakta mengatakan dikala kita bergandengan tangan secara tidak langsung menjalankan saraf motorik kita sehingga membuat hati kita nyaman. Selama ini saya sudah mengalami yang namanya suka, sayang, dan cinta. Dikala suka pikiran sahwat anda lah yang bermain, bagaimana anda bernafsu mendapatkan sesuatu dari orang itu. Bagaimana kalau anda merasakan sayang dengan si doi, anda mungkin akan selalu mengalah untuk si doi, walaupun anda sering berantem, cek-cok , dan sebagainya, anda mungkin akan sabar menerima itu semua karena anda sayang dengan dia dan berharap sikapnya akan berubah. Dan bagaimana anda bisa merasakan CINTA dengan si doi, mungkin anda cuman bisa jalan bareng dan bergandengan tangan saja hati anda akan tentram setentram di surga. Hal inilah sob yang merupakan anugrah Allah swt yang diberikan pada kita bahwa Allah masih bisa memberikan sebuah rasa cinta dengan lawan jenis. Tapi hati-hati sob dikala kita cinta dengan seseorang hati kita harus sesiap-siap mungkin untuk kehilangan dia. Jujur menurut saya yang paling indah itu dikala rasa cinta itu tumbuh. Rasanya saat-saat bersama si doi tidak ingin cepat berlalu, bercerita selama mungkin dan diselingi dengan mengasih si doi sebuah coklat gunung. Cinta itu bisa datang dengan cepat sekali atau bisa juga cinta itu datang ketika anda sudah menjalin suatu hubungan dengan si doi sudah cukup lama. Tapi bagaimana kalau anda sudah bisa merasakan cinta padanya akan tetapi dia lebih memilih orang lain dan bahkan telah merencanakan untuk ke jenjang pernikahan. Disaat seperti inilah merupakan masa sulit yang harus kita hadapi. Menangis sekeras-kerasnya mungkin tidak ada gunanya sampai air mata kalian keringpun tidak ada gunanya. Cuma ada satu jalan mintalah petunjuk kepada Allah swt yang telah memberi kita kesempatan menikmati apa arti cinta itu. Jikalau Allah mengkhendaki untuk menyudahi semuanya dan harus merelakannya maka kamu harus berlapang dada. Tapi dibalik itu semua mungkin ada skenario kehidupan terbaik untuk kita dari Allah, entah ada seseorang ada yang lebih baik lagi dari dia atau mungkin Allah tengah menguji seberapa kuatnya cinta kita kepada orang yang berarti di dalam hidup kita. Mungkin hanya dia bisa membuat diri kita lebih berarti di bandingkan hari kemarin. Dia yang bisa membuat kita tersenyum disaat kita merasakan masalah kehidupan pribadi kita. Dia juga bisa membuat kita lebih memaknai apa arti sebuah hidup itu sebenarnya. Dan satu kalimat terakhir untuk orang yang saya cintai 'Jikalau dia lah yang cocok untuk pendamping hidup kamu, aku disini akan baik-baik saja, teruslah melangkah dengan mengikuti kata hati kamu dan maafkan semua perbuatan salahku yang pernah aku perbuat'<br />
for my special woman in my deep heart 060611</div></div>fitrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07220659855417012966noreply@blogger.com0